{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:03:13Z","timestamp":1779897793379,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]],"date-time":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Memristor is an exciting new addition to the repertoire of fundamental circuit elements. Alternatives to many security protocols originally employing traditional mathematical cryptography involve novel hardware security primitives, such as Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs). In this article, we propose a novel hybrid memristor-CMOS PUF circuit and demonstrate its suitability through extensive simulations of environmental and process variation effects. The proposed PUF circuit has substantially less hardware overhead than previously proposed memristor-based PUF circuits while being inherently resistant to machine learning-based modeling attacks because of challenge-dependent delays of the memristor stages. The proposed PUF can be conveniently used in many security applications and protocols based on hardware-intrinsic security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2736285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T13:57:35Z","timestamp":1429711055000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Novel Memristor-Based Hardware Security Primitive"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jimson","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat Subhra","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durga Prasad","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanfan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhiraj K.","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201907)","author":"Alkabani Y.","unstructured":"Y. Alkabani , F Koushanfar , and M. Potkonjak . 2007. Remote activation of ICs for piracy prevention and digital right management . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201907) . 674--677. Y. Alkabani, F Koushanfar, and M. Potkonjak. 2007. Remote activation of ICs for piracy prevention and digital right management. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201907). 674--677."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop C. M.","unstructured":"C. M. Bishop . 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning ( 1 st ed.). Springer , New York . C. M. Bishop. 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (1st ed.). Springer, New York.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO\u201911)","author":"Brzuska C.","unstructured":"C. Brzuska , M. Fischlin , H. Schr\u00f6der , and S. Katzenbeisser . 2011. Physically uncloneable functions in the universal composition framework . In Proceedings of the Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO\u201911) . 51--70. C. Brzuska, M. Fischlin, H. Schr\u00f6der, and S. Katzenbeisser. 2011. Physically uncloneable functions in the universal composition framework. In Proceedings of the Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO\u201911). 51--70."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2009.2028166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCT.1971.1083337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2010.2049867"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.v16:11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74735-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201913)","author":"Helfmeier C.","unstructured":"C. Helfmeier , C. Boit , D. Nedospasov , and J. P. Seifert . 2013. Cloning physically unclonable functions . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201913) . 1--6. C. Helfmeier, C. Boit, D. Nedospasov, and J. P. Seifert. 2013. Cloning physically unclonable functions. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201913). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/30\/4\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2206781.2206857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"O. Kavehei C. Hosung D. Ranasinghe and S. Skafidas. 2013. mrPUF: A memristive device based physical unclonable function. ArXiv e-prints (Feb. 2013).  O. Kavehei C. Hosung D. Ranasinghe and S. Skafidas. 2013. mrPUF: A memristive device based physical unclonable function. ArXiv e-prints (Feb. 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO\u201999)","author":"Kocher P. C.","unstructured":"P. C. Kocher , J. Jaffe , and B. Jun . 1999. Differential power analysis . In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO\u201999) . 388--397. P. C. Kocher, J. Jaffe, and B. Jun. 1999. Differential power analysis. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO\u201999). 388--397."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE\u201913)","author":"Koeberl P.","year":"2013","unstructured":"P. Koeberl , U. Kocabas , and Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi . 2013 . Memristor PUFs: A new generation of memory-based physically unclonable functions. In Proceeding of the Design , Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE\u201913) . 428--431. P. Koeberl, U. Kocabas, and Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi. 2013. Memristor PUFs: A new generation of memory-based physically unclonable functions. In Proceeding of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE\u201913). 428--431."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium","author":"Kozicki M. N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. N. Kozicki , C. Gopalan , M. Balakrishnan , Mira Park , and M. Mitkova . 2004. Nonvolatile memory based on solid electrolytes . In Proceedings of the Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium , 2004 . 10--17. M. N. Kozicki, C. Gopalan, M. Balakrishnan, Mira Park, and M. Mitkova. 2004. Nonvolatile memory based on solid electrolytes. In Proceedings of the Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium, 2004. 10--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2008.4559053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Extracting Secret Keys from Integrated Circuits. Master\u2019s thesis","author":"Lim D.","unstructured":"D. Lim . 2004. Extracting Secret Keys from Integrated Circuits. Master\u2019s thesis . Massachusetts Institute of Technology , U.S.A. D. Lim. 2004. Extracting Secret Keys from Integrated Circuits. Master\u2019s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Maes and I. Verbauwhede. 2010. Physically unclonable functions: A study on the state-of-the-art and future research directions. In Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi and David N. (Eds.). Springer 3--37.  R. Maes and I. Verbauwhede. 2010. Physically unclonable functions: A study on the state-of-the-art and future research directions. In Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi and David N. (Eds.). Springer 3--37.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14452-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Maiti V. Gunreddy and P. Schaumont. 2013. A systematic method to evaluate and compare the performance of physical unclonable functions. In Embedded Systems Design with FPGAs P. Athanas D. Pnevmatikatos and N. Sklavos (Eds.). Springer New York 245--267.  A. Maiti V. Gunreddy and P. Schaumont. 2013. A systematic method to evaluate and compare the performance of physical unclonable functions. In Embedded Systems Design with FPGAs P. Athanas D. Pnevmatikatos and N. Sklavos (Eds.). Springer New York 245--267.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1362-2_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531542.1531639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201908)","author":"Majzoobi M.","unstructured":"M. Majzoobi , F Koushanfar , and M. Potkonjak . 2008. Lightweight secure PUFs . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201908) . 670--673. M. Majzoobi, F Koushanfar, and M. Potkonjak. 2008. Lightweight secure PUFs. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201908). 670--673."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2093145.2093151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Predictive Technology Model (PTM) for 45nm Metal Gate\/High-K MOSFET (v 2.0)","author":"Predictive Technology","unstructured":"Predictive Technology Model 2014. Predictive Technology Model (PTM) for 45nm Metal Gate\/High-K MOSFET (v 2.0) . http:\/\/ptm.asu.edu\/modelcard\/45nm_MGK.pm. (2014). Accessed: 2014-01-01. Predictive Technology Model 2014. Predictive Technology Model (PTM) for 45nm Metal Gate\/High-K MOSFET (v 2.0). http:\/\/ptm.asu.edu\/modelcard\/45nm_MGK.pm. (2014). Accessed: 2014-01-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Nanoelectronic solutions for hardware security","volume":"2012","author":"Rajendran J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Rajendran , R. Karri , J. B. Wendt , M. Potkonjak , N. McDonald , G. S. Rose , and B. T. Wysocki . 2012 a. Nanoelectronic solutions for hardware security . IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2012 (2012), 575 . J. Rajendran, R. Karri, J. B. Wendt, M. Potkonjak, N. McDonald, G. S. Rose, and B. T. Wysocki. 2012a. Nanoelectronic solutions for hardware security. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2012 (2012), 575.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2011.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2012.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2010.2042900"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. 586--591","volume":"1","author":"Riedmiller M.","unstructured":"M. Riedmiller and H. Braun . 1993. A direct adaptive method for faster backpropagation learning: The RPROP algorithm . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. 586--591 vol. 1 . M. Riedmiller and H. Braun. 1993. A direct adaptive method for faster backpropagation learning: The RPROP algorithm. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. 586--591 vol.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201913)","author":"Rose G. S.","unstructured":"G. S. Rose , N. McDonald , Lok-Kwong Y., and B. Wysocki . 2013a. A write-time based memristive PUF for hardware security applications . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201913) . 830--833. G. S. Rose, N. McDonald, Lok-Kwong Y., and B. Wysocki. 2013a. A write-time based memristive PUF for hardware security applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD\u201913). 830--833."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH\u201913)","author":"Rose G. S.","unstructured":"G. S. Rose , N. McDonald , Lok-Kwong Y., B. Wysocki , and K. Xu . 2013b. Foundations of memristor based PUF architectures . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH\u201913) . 52--57. G. S. Rose, N. McDonald, Lok-Kwong Y., B. Wysocki, and K. Xu. 2013b. Foundations of memristor based PUF architectures. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH\u201913). 52--57."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2167489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC\u201913)","author":"Rose G. S.","unstructured":"G. S. Rose , J. Rajendran , N. McDonald , R. Karri , M. Potkonjak , and B. Wysocki . 2013. Hardware security strategies exploiting nanoelectronic circuits . In Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC\u201913) . 368--372. G. S. Rose, J. Rajendran, N. McDonald, R. Karri, M. Potkonjak, and B. Wysocki. 2013. Hardware security strategies exploiting nanoelectronic circuits. In Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC\u201913). 368--372."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1875652.1875688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201913)","author":"Saha I.","unstructured":"I. Saha , R. R. Jeldi , and R. S. Chakraborty . 2013. Model building attacks on physically unclonable functions using genetic programming . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201913) . 41--44. I. Saha, R. R. Jeldi, and R. S. Chakraborty. 2013. Model building attacks on physically unclonable functions using genetic programming. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201913). 41--44."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig\u201913)","author":"Sahoo D. P.","unstructured":"D. P. Sahoo , D. Mukhopadhyay , and R. S. Chakraborty . 2013. Design of low area-overhead ring oscillator PUF with large challenge space . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig\u201913) . 1--6. D. P. Sahoo, D. Mukhopadhyay, and R. S. Chakraborty. 2013. Design of low area-overhead ring oscillator PUF with large challenge space. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig\u201913). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11894063_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Cryptography: Theory and Practice","author":"Stinson D. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. R. Stinson . 2006 . Cryptography: Theory and Practice ( 3 rd ed.). CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL . D. R. Stinson. 2006. Cryptography: Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. B. Strukov G. S. Snider D. R. Stewart and R. S. Williams. 2008. The missing memristor found. Nature 453 (May 2008) 80--83.  D. B. Strukov G. S. Snider D. R. Stewart and R. S. Williams. 2008. The missing memristor found. Nature 453 (May 2008) 80--83.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2005.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Tuyls and B. Skoric. 2007. Strong authentication with physical unclonable functions. In Security Privacy and Trust in Modern Data Management M. Petkovic and W. Jonker (Eds.). Springer 133--148.  P. Tuyls and B. Skoric. 2007. Strong authentication with physical unclonable functions. In Security Privacy and Trust in Modern Data Management M. Petkovic and W. Jonker (Eds.). Springer 133--148.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69861-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2184081.2184106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"N. Weste and D. Harris. 2011. CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective (4th ed.). Addison--Wesley Boston.   N. Weste and D. Harris. 2011. CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective (4th ed.). Addison--Wesley Boston."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2736285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2736285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:12:30Z","timestamp":1750227150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2736285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2736285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2736285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-9087","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-3465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}