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Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Whispering is a natural, unphonated, secondary aspect of speech communications for most people. However, it is the primary mechanism of communications for some speakers who have impaired voice production mechanisms, such as partial laryngectomees, as well as for those prescribed voice rest, which often follows surgery or damage to the larynx. Unlike most people, who choose when to whisper and when not to, these speakers may have little choice but to rely on whispers for much of their daily vocal interaction.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Even though most speakers will whisper at times, and some speakers can only whisper, the majority of today\u2019s computational speech technology systems assume or require phonated speech. This article considers conversion of whispers into natural-sounding phonated speech as a noninvasive prosthetic aid for people with voice impairments who can only whisper. As a by-product, the technique is also useful for unimpaired speakers who choose to whisper.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Speech reconstruction systems can be classified into those requiring training and those that do not. Among the latter, a recent parametric reconstruction framework is explored and then enhanced through a refined estimation of plausible pitch from weighted formant differences. The improved reconstruction framework, with proposed formant-derived artificial pitch modulation, is validated through subjective and objective comparison tests alongside state-of-the-art alternatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2737724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]],"date-time":"2015-05-11T16:30:57Z","timestamp":1431361857000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Reconstruction of Phonated Speech from Whispers Using Formant-Derived Plausible Pitch Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ian V.","family":"Mcloughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Sharifzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Su Lim","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Jingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200312000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Speaker Recognition: Advancements and Challenges. 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Medical Engineering &amp; Physics 24 7 (2002) 515--520.  Robert W. Morris and Mark A. Clements. 2002. Reconstruction of speech from whispers. Medical Engineering &amp; Physics 24 7 (2002) 515--520.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(02)00060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2011.2174223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Dysarthria in adults: Physiologic approach to rehabilitation","volume":"60","author":"Netsell Ronald","year":"1979","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-011-9619-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Physiology and Biophysics of the Voice. 465--481","author":"Rothenberg Martin","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Hamid Reza Sharifzadeh. 2011. Reconstruction of Natural Sounding Speech from Whispers. Ph.D. Dissertation. 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Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10356\/46426."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Voiced speech from whispers for post-laryngectomised patients","volume":"36","author":"Sharifzadeh Hamid Reza","year":"2009","journal-title":"IAENG International Journal of Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92841-6_262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2053369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICT.2010.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering","volume":"60","author":"Sharifzadeh Hamid Reza","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Formant technique in a professional female singer","volume":"32","author":"Sundberg Johan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Acustica United with Acustica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3316288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivien C. Tartter. 1989. Whats in a whisper&quest; Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86 5 (1989) 1678--1683.  Vivien C. Tartter. 1989. 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