{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:57:44Z","timestamp":1777546664471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,13]],"date-time":"2015-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National 863 Program","award":["2009AA01A129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009AA01A129"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"973 Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2012CB316502 and 2011CB302502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB316502 and 2011CB302502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61272134, 31327901, 91430218, 60921002, 60925009 and 61472395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61272134, 31327901, 91430218, 60921002, 60925009 and 61472395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The data deluge in medical imaging processing requires faster and more efficient systems. Due to the advance in recent heterogeneous architecture, there has been a resurgence in research aimed at domain-specific accelerators. In this article, we develop an experimental system SuperDragon for evaluating acceleration of a single-particle Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) 3D reconstruction package\n            <jats:italic>EMAN<\/jats:italic>\n            through a hybrid of CPU, GPU, and FPGA parallel architecture. Based on a comprehensive workload characterization, we exploit multigrained parallelism in the Cryo-EM 3D reconstruction algorithm and investigate a proper computational mapping to the underlying heterogeneous architecture. The package is restructured with task-level (MPI), thread-level (OpenMP), and data-level (GPU and FPGA) parallelism. Especially, the proposed FPGA accelerator is a stream architecture that emphasizes the importance of optimizing computing dominated data access patterns. Besides, the configurable computing streams are constructed by arranging the hardware modules and bypassing channels to form a linear deep pipeline. Compared to the multicore (six-core) program, the GPU and FPGA implementations achieve speedups of 8.4 and 2.25 times in execution time while improving power efficiency by factors of 7.2 and 14.2, respectively.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2740966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T12:09:15Z","timestamp":1442318955000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["SuperDragon"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Guangming","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology. 94--101","author":"Betkaoui B.","unstructured":"B. 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In Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. 59--64 . F. de Dinechin, C. Klein, and B. Pasca. 2009. Generating high-performance custom floating-point pipelines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. 59--64."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/217130a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fluke. 2011 . Fluke Home Page . Retrieved August 25, 2015, from http:\/\/www.fluke.com\/fluke\/usen\/products\/categoryben.htm. Fluke. 2011. Fluke Home Page. 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