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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the aim to preserve deadlock freedom, we define a new refinement preorder for modal transition systems (MTSs), using an MTS-specific variant of testing inspired by De Nicola and Hennessy. We characterize this refinement with a kind of failure semantics and show that it \u201csupports itself,\u201d for example, in the sense of thoroughness\u2014in contrast to standard modal refinements. We present a conjunction operator with respect to our new refinement, which is quite different from existing ones. It always returns an MTS\u2014again in contrast to the case of modal refinement. 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