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Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article compares two methods of employing novice Web workers to author descriptions of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics images to make them accessible to individuals with visual and print-reading disabilities. The goal is to identify methods of creating image descriptions that are inexpensive, effective, and follow established accessibility guidelines. The first method explicitly presented the guidelines to the worker, then the worker constructed the image description in an empty text box and table. The second method queried the worker for image information and then used responses to construct a template-based description according to established guidelines. The descriptions generated through queried image description (QID) were more likely to include information on the image category, title, caption, and units. They were also more similar to one another, based on Jaccard distances of q-grams, indicating that their word usage and structure were more standardized. Last, the workers preferred describing images using QID and found the task easier. Therefore, explicit instruction on image-description guidelines is not sufficient to produce quality image descriptions when using novice Web workers. Instead, it is better to provide information about images, then generate descriptions from responses using templates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2764916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T13:58:34Z","timestamp":1448027914000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Guiding Novice Web Workers in Making Image Descriptions Using Templates"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Valerie S.","family":"Morash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue-Ting","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley &amp; San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Hasty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Braille Associates, La Paloma Way Colorado Springs, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Touch Graphics, Inc., Elkton, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Touch Graphics Benetech","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1963190.1963191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2395123.2395126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/872757.872796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Dardailler Daniel","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13614568.2010.534186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37247-6_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"19","author":"Elzer Stephanie","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Natural Language Generation (INLG\u201996)","author":"Fasciano Massimo","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 1239--1249","author":"Feng Yansong","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2533682.2533683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Gould Bryan","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1296843.1296858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Geoffrey Keppel and Thomas D. 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