{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:33:55Z","timestamp":1756312435895,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore","award":["112-172-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-172-0010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>File system performance is dominated by small and frequent metadata access. Metadata is stored as blocks on the hard disk drive. Partial metadata update results in whole-block read or write, which significantly amplifies disk I\/O. Furthermore, a huge performance gap between the CPU and disk aggravates this problem. In this article, a file system metadata accelerator (referred to as FSMAC) is proposed to optimize metadata access by efficiently exploiting the persistency and byte-addressability of Nonvolatile Memory (NVM). The FSMAC decouples data and metadata access path, putting data on disk and metadata in byte-addressable NVM at runtime. Thus, data is accessed in a block from I\/O the bus and metadata is accessed in a byte-addressable manner from the memory bus. Metadata access is significantly accelerated and metadata I\/O is eliminated because metadata in NVM is no longer flushed back to the disk periodically. A lightweight consistency mechanism combining fine-grained versioning and transaction is introduced in the FSMAC. The FSMAC is implemented on a real NVDIMM platform and intensively evaluated under different workloads. Evaluation results show that the FSMAC accelerates the file system up to 49.2 times for synchronized I\/O and 7.22 times for asynchronized I\/O. Moreover, it can achieve significant performance speedup in network storage and database environment, especially for metadata-intensive or write-dominated workloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2766453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]],"date-time":"2015-07-27T13:33:00Z","timestamp":1438003980000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Accelerating File System Metadata Access with Byte-Addressable Nonvolatile Memory"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Storage Institute, A*STAR, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Storage Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Storage Institute, A*STAR, Singapor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201907)","author":"Agrawal N.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"volume-title":"AGIGARAM DDR3 Non-Volatile DIMM. Retrieved","year":"2015","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"S. Best. 2002. JFS for Linux. http:\/\/www.free-soft.org\/FSM\/english\/issue03\/sbest.pdf.  S. Best. 2002. JFS for Linux. http:\/\/www.free-soft.org\/FSM\/english\/issue03\/sbest.pdf."},{"volume-title":"ZFS: The last word in file systems","year":"2007","author":"Bonwick J.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.524.0449"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux.","author":"Card R.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2150976.2151017"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Conference on Massive Data Storage (MSST\u201913)","author":"Chen J. X.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201912)","author":"Chidambaram V.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1950365.1950380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629575.1629589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1289927.1289955"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2592798.2592814"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201912)","author":"Fryer D.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1176887.1176913"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201912)","author":"Grupp L. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium Work-in-Progress (WiP). 5--8.","author":"Jang J. E.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201910)","author":"Josephson W. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1714454.1714457"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2010.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555754.1555758"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201913)","author":"Lee E.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Conference on Massive Data Storage (MSST\u201912)","author":"Lee E.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC\u201908)","author":"Leung A. W.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201913)","author":"Lu Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1"},{"volume":"33","volume-title":"2007 Linux Symposium","author":"Mathur A.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"M. K. Mckusick W. N. Joy S. J. Leffler and R. S. Fabry. 1986. Fsck\u2014the UNIX file system check program. UNIX System Manager's Manual\u20144.3 BSD Virtual VAX-11 Version.  M. K. Mckusick W. N. Joy S. J. Leffler and R. S. Fabry. 1986. Fsck\u2014the UNIX file system check program. UNIX System Manager's Manual\u20144.3 BSD Virtual VAX-11 Version."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"I. Moraru D. G. Andersen M. Kaminsky N. Binkert N. Tolia R. Munz and P. Ranganathan. 2011. Persistent Protected and Cached: Building Blocks for Main Memory Data Stores. Technique report of CMU-PDL-11-14.  I. Moraru D. G. Andersen M. Kaminsky N. Binkert N. Tolia R. Munz and P. Ranganathan. 2011. Persistent Protected and Cached: Building Blocks for Main Memory Data Stores. Technique report of CMU-PDL-11-14."},{"volume-title":"Windows NT file system internals: A Developer's Guide. O\u2019Reilly & Associates","author":"Nagar R.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2150976.2151018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1363686.1364038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2010.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555754.1555760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.524.0465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Hans Reiser. 2004. ReiserFS. Retrieved July 4 2015 from www.namesys.com.  Hans Reiser. 2004. ReiserFS. Retrieved July 4 2015 from www.namesys.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Sourceforge. 2007. Fsmark. Retrieved July 4 2015 from http:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/fsmark\/.  Sourceforge. 2007. Fsmark. Retrieved July 4 2015 from http:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/fsmark\/."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC\u201996)","author":"Sweeney A.","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual Linux Expo","year":"1998","author":"Tweedie S. C.","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1367829.1367831"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201911)","author":"Venkataraman S.","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Viking Technology. 2012. ArxCis-NV(TM) Non-Volatile DIMM. Retrieved July 4 2015 from http:\/\/www.vikingtechnology.com\/nvdimm-technology.  Viking Technology. 2012. ArxCis-NV(TM) Non-Volatile DIMM. Retrieved July 4 2015 from http:\/\/www.vikingtechnology.com\/nvdimm-technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2592798.2592810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1950365.1950379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1168910.1168914"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia. 2009. Retrieved July 4 2015 from Btrfs. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Btrfs.  Wikipedia. 2009. Retrieved July 4 2015 from Btrfs. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Btrfs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063384.2063436"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2766453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2766453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:20:59Z","timestamp":1750238459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2766453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2766453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2766453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1553-3077"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1553-3093"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}