{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:10:27Z","timestamp":1776204627731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]],"date-time":"2015-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We introduce the Vector Animation Complex (VAC), a novel data structure for vector graphics animation, designed to support the modeling of time-continuous topological events. This allows features of a connected drawing to merge, split, appear, or disappear at desired times via keyframes that introduce the desired topological change. Because the resulting space-time complex directly captures the time-varying topological structure, features are readily edited in both space and time in a way that reflects the intent of the drawing. A formal description of the data structure is provided, along with topological and geometric invariants. We illustrate our modeling paradigm with experimental results on various examples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2766913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T12:26:38Z","timestamp":1438086398000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vector graphics animation with time-varying topology"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Boris","family":"Dalstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Ronfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LJK, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"van de Panne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015764"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344859"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276415"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/67449.67511"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of NPAR '12","author":"B\u00e9nard P.","unstructured":"B\u00e9nard , P. , Lu , J. , Cole , F. , Finkelstein , A. , and Thollot , J . 2012. Active strokes: Coherent line stylization for animated 3d models . In Proceedings of NPAR '12 , 37--46. B\u00e9nard, P., Lu, J., Cole, F., Finkelstein, A., and Thollot, J. 2012. Active strokes: Coherent line stylization for animated 3d models. In Proceedings of NPAR '12, 37--46."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2558307"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"Blair P. 1994. Cartoon animation. How to Draw and Paint Series. W. Foster Pub.  Blair P. 1994. Cartoon animation. How to Draw and Paint Series. W. Foster Pub."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566595"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024690"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Computer-generated keyframe animation","volume":"80","author":"Burtnyk N.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Burtnyk , N. , and Wein , M. 1971 . Computer-generated keyframe animation . Journal of the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers 80 , 3, 149 -- 153 . Burtnyk, N., and Wein, M. 1971. Computer-generated keyframe animation. Journal of the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers 80, 3, 149--153.","journal-title":"Journal of the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965139.807414"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601169"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Meshing Roundtable, 403--420","author":"de Floriani L.","unstructured":"de Floriani , L. , Hui , A. , Panozzo , D. , and Canino , D . 2010. A dimension-independent data structure for simplicial complexes . In Proceedings of the 19th International Meshing Roundtable, 403--420 . de Floriani, L., Hui, A., Panozzo, D., and Canino, D. 2010. A dimension-independent data structure for simplicial complexes. In Proceedings of the 19th International Meshing Roundtable, 403--420."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of SCA '06","author":"de Juan C. N.","unstructured":"de Juan , C. N. , and Bodenheimer , B . 2006. Re-using traditional animation: methods for semi-automatic segmentation and inbetweening . In Proceedings of SCA '06 , 223--232. de Juan, C. N., and Bodenheimer, B. 2006. Re-using traditional animation: methods for semi-automatic segmentation and inbetweening. In Proceedings of SCA '06, 223--232."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531389"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Space-time and higher dimensional modeling for animation","volume":"2000","author":"Fausett E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fausett , E. , Pasko , A. , and Adzhiev , V. 2000 . Space-time and higher dimensional modeling for animation . In Proceedings of Computer Animation 2000 , 140 -- 145 . Fausett, E., Pasko, A., and Adzhiev, V. 2000. Space-time and higher dimensional modeling for animation. In Proceedings of Computer Animation 2000, 140--145.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Computer Animation"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218417"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Automatic in-betweening in computer assisted animation by exploiting 2.5D modelling techniques","volume":"2001","author":"Fiore F. D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fiore , F. D. , Schaeken , P. , Elens , K. , and Reeth , F. V. 2001 . Automatic in-betweening in computer assisted animation by exploiting 2.5D modelling techniques . In Proceedings of Computer Animation 2001 , 192 -- 200 . Fiore, F. D., Schaeken, P., Elens, K., and Reeth, F. V. 2001. Automatic in-betweening in computer assisted animation by exploiting 2.5D modelling techniques. In Proceedings of Computer Animation 2001, 192--200.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Computer Animation"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Morphing with laplacian coordinates and spatial-temporal texture","volume":"2005","author":"Fu H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fu , H. , Tai , C.-L. , and Au , O. K.-c. 2005 . Morphing with laplacian coordinates and spatial-temporal texture . In Proceedings of Pacific Graphics 2005 , 100 -- 102 . Fu, H., Tai, C.-L., and Au, O. K.-c. 2005. Morphing with laplacian coordinates and spatial-temporal texture. In Proceedings of Pacific Graphics 2005, 100--102.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Pacific Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073323"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024683"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision, 158--172","author":"Koenderink J. J.","unstructured":"Koenderink , J. J. , and Doorn , A. J . v. 2002. Image processing done right . In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision, 158--172 . Koenderink, J. J., and Doorn, A. J. v. 2002. Image processing done right. In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision, 158--172."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/508530.508552"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218654302000091"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37407"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218195994000173"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01969.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531390"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344964"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024691"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2421636.2421640"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360691"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Constructing and rendering vectorised photographic images","volume":"9","author":"Patterson J. W.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patterson , J. W. , Taylor , C. D. , and Willis , P. J. 2012 . Constructing and rendering vectorised photographic images . The Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting 9 , 3 . Patterson, J. W., Taylor, C. D., and Willis, P. J. 2012. Constructing and rendering vectorised photographic images. The Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting 9, 3.","journal-title":"The Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2003.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601126"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965161.806814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778796"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"SGC: A Dimension-independent Model for Pointsets with Internal Structures and Incomplete Boundaries. Research report","author":"Rossignac J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rossignac , J. , and O'Connor , M. 1989 . SGC: A Dimension-independent Model for Pointsets with Internal Structures and Incomplete Boundaries. Research report . IBM T. J. Watson Research Center . Rossignac, J., and O'Connor, M. 1989. SGC: A Dimension-independent Model for Pointsets with Internal Structures and Incomplete Boundaries. Research report. IBM T. J. Watson Research Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1159951"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166118"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1572614.1572619"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024689"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life","author":"Thomas F.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Thomas , F. , and Johnston , O . 1987 . Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life . Abbeville Press . Thomas, F., and Johnston, O. 1987. Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1985.276271"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.9"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2766913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2766913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:56:02Z","timestamp":1750272962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2766913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2766913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2766913","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-07-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}