{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:17:59Z","timestamp":1782152279975,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]],"date-time":"2015-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last few years, virtual reality (VR) has re-emerged as a technology that is now feasible at low cost via inexpensive cellphone components. In particular, advances of high-resolution micro displays, low-latency orientation trackers, and modern GPUs facilitate immersive experiences at low cost. One of the remaining challenges to further improve visual comfort in VR experiences is the vergence-accommodation conflict inherent to all stereoscopic displays. Accurate reproduction of all depth cues is crucial for visual comfort. By combining well-known stereoscopic display principles with emerging factored light field technology, we present the first wearable VR display supporting high image resolution as well as focus cues. A light field is presented to each eye, which provides more natural viewing experiences than conventional near-eye displays. Since the eye box is just slightly larger than the pupil size, rank-1 light field factorizations are sufficient to produce correct or nearly-correct focus cues;<jats:italic>no time-multiplexed image display or gaze tracking is required.<\/jats:italic>We analyze lens distortions in 4D light field space and correct them using the afforded high-dimensional image formation. We also demonstrate significant improvements in resolution and retinal blur quality over related near-eye displays. Finally, we analyze diffraction limits of these types of displays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2766922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T12:26:38Z","timestamp":1438086398000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["The light field stereoscope"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Fu-Chung","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Wetzstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015804"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benton S. and Bove V. 2006. Holographic Imaging. John Wiley and Sons. Benton S. and Bove V. 2006. Holographic Imaging. John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470224137"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Decentering distortion of lenses","volume":"32","author":"Brown D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2006.879846"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601214"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutting J. E. and Vishton P. M. 1995. Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The interaction relative potency and contextual use of different information about depth. W. Epstein and S. Rogers (Eds.) Perception of space and motion 69--117. Cutting J. E. and Vishton P. M. 1995. Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The interaction relative potency and contextual use of different information about depth. W. Epstein and S. Rogers (Eds.) Perception of space and motion 69--117.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012240530-3\/50005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale K. and Stanney K. 2014. Handbook of Virtual Environments. CRC Press. Hale K. and Stanney K. 2014. Handbook of Virtual Environments. CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17360"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601120"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601144"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/10.5.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.013484"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601122"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276427"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.69.001340"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE","volume":"8720","author":"Kress B."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508366"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1882261.1866164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237199"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2008.4637321"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.015716"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/10.8.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Proc. ISMAR, 29--38","author":"Maimone A."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2503144"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.13.000681"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461914"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","first-page":"617","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"62","author":"Rothbaum B.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Ruch T. and Fulton J. F. 1960. Medical physiology and biophysics. W. B. Saunders Company. Ruch T. and Fulton J. F. 1960. Medical physiology and biophysics. W. B. Saunders Company."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00044-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Proc. 3D Imaging (IC3D), 1--6.","author":"Ryana L."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.2176115"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015797"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"A solid-state multi-planar volumetric display","volume":"32","author":"Sullivan A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"SID Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1476589.1476686"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.004129"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.870684"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/5.8.834"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964990"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185576"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1838.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2383894.2383905"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2766922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2766922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:56:02Z","timestamp":1750272962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2766922"}},"subtitle":["immersive computer graphics via factored near-eye light field displays with focus cues"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2766922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2766922","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-07-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}