{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T01:25:23Z","timestamp":1773365123789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]],"date-time":"2015-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Future Fellowship Scheme"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NPRP grant # [4-638-2-236]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP grant # [4-638-2-236]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a multitier system for the remote administration of speech therapy to children with apraxia of speech. The system uses a client-server architecture model and facilitates task-oriented remote therapeutic training in both in-home and clinical settings. The system allows a speech language pathologist (SLP) to remotely assign speech production exercises to each child through a web interface and the child to practice these exercises in the form of a game on a mobile device. The mobile app records the child's utterances and streams them to a back-end server for automated scoring by a speech-analysis engine. The SLP can then review the individual recordings and the automated scores through a web interface, provide feedback to the child, and adapt the training program as needed. We have validated the system through a pilot study with children diagnosed with apraxia of speech, their parents, and SLPs. Here, we describe the overall client-server architecture, middleware tools used to build the system, speech-analysis tools for automatic scoring of utterances, and present results from a clinical study. Our results support the feasibility of the system as a complement to traditional face-to-face therapy through the use of mobile tools and automated speech analysis algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2776895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]],"date-time":"2015-11-18T13:42:28Z","timestamp":1447854148000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Development of a Remote Therapy Tool for Childhood Apraxia of Speech"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Avinash","family":"Parnandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, United States"}]},{"given":"Virendra","family":"Karappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, United States"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, United States"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"McKechnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}]},{"given":"Kirrie","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gutierrez-Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, United States"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396636.2396671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"ArtikPix. Retrieved October 1 2015 from http:\/\/rinnapps.com\/artikpix\/. ArtikPix. Retrieved October 1 2015 from http:\/\/rinnapps.com\/artikpix\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association","author":"ASHA Ad Hoc Committee on Apraxia of Speech in Children.","year":"2007","unstructured":"ASHA Ad Hoc Committee on Apraxia of Speech in Children. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association . 2007 . Childhood apraxia of speech {Technical Report }. Available from www.asha.org\/policy. ASHA Ad Hoc Committee on Apraxia of Speech in Children. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2007. Childhood apraxia of speech {Technical Report}. Available from www.asha.org\/policy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0130)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.16.1.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer","volume":"5","author":"Boersma P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"P. Boersma . 2002 . Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer . Glot International 5 , 341 -- 345 . P. Boersma. 2002. Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International 5, 341--345.","journal-title":"Glot International"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. 85--88","author":"Bunnell H. T.","unstructured":"H. T. Bunnell , D. M. Yarrington , and J. B. Polikoff . 2000. STAR: Articulation training for young children . In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. 85--88 . H. T. Bunnell, D. M. Yarrington, and J. B. Polikoff. 2000. STAR: Articulation training for young children. In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. 85--88."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1332474.1333269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2009.090306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Annual Convention of the American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association.","author":"Delaney A. L.","unstructured":"A. L. Delaney and R. D. Kent . 2004. Developmental profiles of children diagnosed with apraxia of speech . Presented at the Annual Convention of the American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association. A. L. Delaney and R. D. Kent. 2004. Developmental profiles of children diagnosed with apraxia of speech. Presented at the Annual Convention of the American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. de S\u00e1 L. Carri\u00e7o J. Faria and I. S\u00e1. 2012. Children psychotherapy with mobile devices. In Human-Computer Interaction: The Agency Perspective Studies in Computational Intelligence M. Zacarias and J. V. de Oliveira eds. Springer 85--109. M. de S\u00e1 L. Carri\u00e7o J. Faria and I. S\u00e1. 2012. Children psychotherapy with mobile devices. In Human-Computer Interaction: The Agency Perspective Studies in Computational Intelligence M. Zacarias and J. V. de Oliveira eds. Springer 85--109.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25691-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Fletcher J.","unstructured":"J. Fletcher . 2010. The prosody of speech: Timing and rhythm . In The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2 nd ed.),W. J. Hardcastle, J. Laver, F. E. Gibbon, eds. Wiley , Hoboken, NJ, 521--602. J. Fletcher. 2010. The prosody of speech: Timing and rhythm. In The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.),W. J. Hardcastle, J. Laver, F. E. Gibbon, eds. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 521--602.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2003\/083)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1296843.1296849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Clinical Aphasiology Conference. 639--652","author":"Georgeadis A.","unstructured":"A. Georgeadis , D. M. Brennan , L. N. Barker , and C. R. Baron . 2003. Telerehabilitation and its effect on story retelling by adults with neurogenic communication disorders . In Clinical Aphasiology Conference. 639--652 . A. Georgeadis, D. M. Brennan, L. N. Barker, and C. R. Baron. 2003. Telerehabilitation and its effect on story retelling by adults with neurogenic communication disorders. In Clinical Aphasiology Conference. 639--652."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. M. Harrison W.-K. Lo X. Qian and H. Meng. 2009. Implementation of an extended recognition network for mispronunciation detection and diagnosis in computer-assisted pronunciation training. In SLaTE. 45--48. A. M. Harrison W.-K. Lo X. Qian and H. Meng. 2009. Implementation of an extended recognition network for mispronunciation detection and diagnosis in computer-assisted pronunciation training. In SLaTE. 45--48.","DOI":"10.21437\/SLaTE.2009-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15.7.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.-J. Kim and M. C. Beutnagel. 2011. Automatic assessment of American English lexical stress using machine learning algorithms. In SLaTE. 93--96. Y.-J. Kim and M. C. Beutnagel. 2011. Automatic assessment of American English lexical stress using machine learning algorithms. In SLaTE. 93--96.","DOI":"10.21437\/SLaTE.2011-28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Computer-assisted speech recognition in diagnostic pathology. Development of the DragonDictate","volume":"16","author":"Kolles H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"H. Kolles and W. Feiden . 1995 . Computer-assisted speech recognition in diagnostic pathology. Development of the DragonDictate . Pathologe 16 , 6, 439 -- 442 . H. Kolles and W. Feiden. 1995. Computer-assisted speech recognition in diagnostic pathology. Development of the DragonDictate. Pathologe 16, 6, 439--442.","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Voicing features for robust speech detection","volume":"2","author":"Kristjansson T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"T. Kristjansson , S. Deligne , and P. Olsen . 2005 . Voicing features for robust speech detection . Entropy 2 , 3 . T. Kristjansson, S. Deligne, and P. Olsen. 2005. Voicing features for robust speech detection. Entropy 2, 3.","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP\u201902)","author":"Kwon S.","unstructured":"S. Kwon and S. S. Narayanan . 2002. Speaker change detection using a new weighted distance measure . In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP\u201902) . 2537--2540. S. Kwon and S. S. Narayanan. 2002. Speaker change detection using a new weighted distance measure. In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP\u201902). 2537--2540."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Li X. Qian S. Kang and H. Meng. 2013. Lexical stress detection for L2 English speech using deep belief networks. In INTERSPEECH. 1811--1815. K. Li X. Qian S. Kang and H. Meng. 2013. Lexical stress detection for L2 English speech using deep belief networks. In INTERSPEECH. 1811--1815.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2013-447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/025)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/926951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2014.906002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1639642.1639692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"J. Moore and M. Churchward. 2010. Moodle 1.9 Extension Development. Packt Publishing Birmingham UK. J. Moore and M. Churchward. 2010. Moodle 1.9 Extension Development. Packt Publishing Birmingham UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.869776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1990.10735527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of TMH-QPSR, Fonetik.","author":"Oster A. M.","unstructured":"A. M. Oster , D. House , A. Protopapas , and A. Hatzis . 2002. Presentation of a new EU project for speech therapy: Ortho-Logo-Paedia . Presented at the Proceedings of TMH-QPSR, Fonetik. A. M. Oster, D. House, A. Protopapas, and A. Hatzis. 2002. Presentation of a new EU project for speech therapy: Ortho-Logo-Paedia. Presented at the Proceedings of TMH-QPSR, Fonetik."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Rahurkar J. H. Hansen J. Meyerhoff G. Saviolakis and M. Koenig. 2002. Frequency band analysis for stress detection using a teager energy operator based feature. In INTERSPEECH. M. A. Rahurkar J. H. Hansen J. Meyerhoff G. Saviolakis and M. Koenig. 2002. Frequency band analysis for stress detection using a teager energy operator based feature. In INTERSPEECH.","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2002-555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1551788.1551807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"S. Rvachew and F. Brosseau-Lapre. 2006. Speech perception intervention. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children S. McLeod (ed.). Brookes Publishing Baltimore MD. S. Rvachew and F. Brosseau-Lapre. 2006. Speech perception intervention. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children S. McLeod (ed.). Brookes Publishing Baltimore MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"R. A. Schmidt and T. Lee. 2005. Motor Control and Learning 4th ed. Human Kinetics Champaign IL. R. A. Schmidt and T. Lee. 2005. Motor Control and Learning 4th ed. Human Kinetics Champaign IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"2012 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT). 388--391","author":"Shahin M. A.","unstructured":"M. A. Shahin , B. Ahmed , and K. J. Ballard . 2012. Automatic classification of unequal lexical stress patterns using machine learning algorithms . In 2012 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT). 388--391 . M. A. Shahin, B. Ahmed, and K. J. Ballard. 2012. Automatic classification of unequal lexical stress patterns using machine learning algorithms. In 2012 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT). 388--391."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Spoken Language Processing.","author":"Shobaki K.","unstructured":"K. Shobaki , J. P. Hosom , and R. A. Cole . 2000. The OGI kids\u2019 speech corpus and recognizers . In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. K. Shobaki, J. P. Hosom, and R. A. Cole. 2000. The OGI kids\u2019 speech corpus and recognizers. In International Conference on Spoken Language Processing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0269920031000138123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Tepperman and S. Narayanan. 2005. Automatic Syllable Stress Detection Using Prosodic Features for Pronunciation Evaluation of Language Learners. In ICASSP (1) 937--940. J. Tepperman and S. Narayanan. 2005. Automatic Syllable Stress Detection Using Prosodic Features for Pronunciation Evaluation of Language Learners. In ICASSP (1) 937--940.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2005.1415269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.3004.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.12.2101002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/135763306779380048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children","author":"Williams A.","unstructured":"A. Williams . 2006. Multiple oppositions intervention . In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children , A. L. Williams, S. McLeod, R. J. McCauley, et al. (eds.). Brookes Publishing , Baltimore, MD . A. Williams. 2006. Multiple oppositions intervention. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children, A. L. Williams, S. McLeod, R. J. McCauley, et al. (eds.). Brookes Publishing, Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"P. Williams and H. Stephens. 2010. Nuffield Centre Dyspraxia Programme. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children A. L. Williams S. McLeod R. J. McCauley et al. (eds.). Brookes Publishing Baltimore MD. P. Williams and H. Stephens. 2010. Nuffield Centre Dyspraxia Programme. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children A. L. Williams S. McLeod R. J. McCauley et al. (eds.). Brookes Publishing Baltimore MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Y. Wren S. Roulstone and A. L. Williams. 2006. Computer-Based Interventions. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children S. McLeod (ed.) Brookes Publishing Baltimore MD. Y. Wren S. Roulstone and A. L. Williams. 2006. Computer-Based Interventions. In Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children S. McLeod (ed.) Brookes Publishing Baltimore MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2009.4960657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"et al","author":"Young S. J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"S. J. Young , G. Evermann , M. J. F. Gales , T. Hain , D. Kershaw , and G. Moore , et al . 2006 . The HTK Book, version 3.4. Cambridge University , Cambridge, UK. S. J. Young, G. Evermann, M. J. F. Gales, T. Hain, D. Kershaw, and G. Moore, et al. 2006. The HTK Book, version 3.4. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908630"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2776895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2776895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:04:01Z","timestamp":1750273441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2776895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2776895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2776895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}