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But relations were not always so auspicious. The two fields emerged at different points in the history of computer science, with different influences, ambitions, and attendant biases. AI aimed to construct a rival, and perhaps a successor, to the human intellect. Early AI researchers such as McCarthy, Minsky, and Shannon were mathematicians by training, so theorem-proving and formal models were attractive research directions. In contrast, HCI focused more on empirical approaches to usability and human factors, both of which generally aim to make machines more useful to humans. Many of the attendees at the first CHI conference in 1983 were psychologists and engineers. Papers were presented with titles such as \"Design principles for human-computer interfaces\" and \"Psychological issues in the use of icons in command menus,\" hardly appealing fare for most mainstream AI researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2791301.2798086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T03:41:27Z","timestamp":1599104487000},"page":"30-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Natural Language Translation at the Intersection of AI and HCI"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Spence","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Heer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.5090020408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(08)60607-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3047154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Birch A. 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