{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:15:52Z","timestamp":1750306552676,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]],"date-time":"2015-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Random numbers are important ingredients in a number of applications. Especially in a security context, they must be well distributed and unpredictable. We investigate the practical use of random number generators (RNGs) that are built from digital elements found in FPGAs. For this, we implement different types of ring oscillators (ROs) and memory collision-based circuits on FPGAs from major vendors. Implementing RNGs on the same device as the rest of the system benefits an overall reduction of vulnerability to attacks and wire tapping. Nevertheless, we investigate different attacks by tampering with power supply, chip temperature, and by exposition to strong magnetic fields and X-radiation. We also consider their usability as massively deployed components, whose functionality cannot be tested individually anymore, by conducting a technology invariance experiment. Our experiments show that BlockRAM-based RNGs cannot be considered as a suitable entropy source. We further show that RO-based RNGs work reliably under a wide range of operating conditions. While magnetic fields and X-rays did not induce any notable change, voltage and temperature variations caused an increase in propagation delays within the circuits. We show how reliable RNGs can be constructed and deployed on FPGAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2807699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T19:33:52Z","timestamp":1449516832000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["RAW 2014"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-4054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Raitza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, N\u00f6thnitzer Stra\u03b2e, Dresden"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hochberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Pionteck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence E. Bassham III. 2010. A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications. Retrieved from http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/groups\/ST\/toolkit\/rng.  Lawrence E. Bassham III. 2010. A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications. Retrieved from http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/groups\/ST\/toolkit\/rng.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-22r1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40349-1_11"},{"volume-title":"Research Project DICECUP","author":"Dichtl Markus","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Markus Dichtl . 2012a. Mehrspur-ringoszillator. Research Project DICECUP ; Internal Communications . Markus Dichtl. 2012a. Mehrspur-ringoszillator. Research Project DICECUP; Internal Communications."},{"volume-title":"Messung der Schiefe und Klebrigkeit am Generator BRAMX. Research Project DICECUP","author":"Dichtl Markus","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Markus Dichtl . 2012b. Messung der Schiefe und Klebrigkeit am Generator BRAMX. Research Project DICECUP ; Internal Communications . Markus Dichtl. 2012b. Messung der Schiefe und Klebrigkeit am Generator BRAMX. Research Project DICECUP; Internal Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"On ring oscillator based true random number generators and some of their variants. CryptArchi","author":"Dichtl Markus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Markus Dichtl . 2013. On ring oscillator based true random number generators and some of their variants. CryptArchi 2013 . Markus Dichtl. 2013. On ring oscillator based true random number generators and some of their variants. CryptArchi 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74735-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2006.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2009.5161207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPT.2009.5377631"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2012.6339378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.841170"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_12_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marvin S. Keshner. 1982. 1\/f Noise (IEEE) Vol. 70. 212--218. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/PROC.1982.12282 10.1109\/PROC.1982.12282","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12282"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_12_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marvin S. Keshner. 1982. 1 \/ f Noise (IEEE) Vol. 70. 212--218. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/PROC.1982.12282","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SISPAD.1997.621373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2011.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531542.1531639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems -- (CHES\u201911), Bart Preneel and Tsuyoshi Takagi (Eds.)","author":"Majzoobi Mehrdad","unstructured":"Mehrdad Majzoobi , Farinaz Koushanfar , and Srinivas Devadas . 2011. FPGA-Based True Random Number Generation Using Circuit Metastability with Adaptive Feedback Control . In Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems -- (CHES\u201911), Bart Preneel and Tsuyoshi Takagi (Eds.) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 6917 . Springer , Berlin , 17--32. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-23951-9_2 10.1007\/978-3-642-23951-9_2 Mehrdad Majzoobi, Farinaz Koushanfar, and Srinivas Devadas. 2011. FPGA-Based True Random Number Generation Using Circuit Metastability with Adaptive Feedback Control. In Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems -- (CHES\u201911), Bart Preneel and Tsuyoshi Takagi (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6917. Springer, Berlin, 17--32. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-23951-9_2"},{"volume-title":"Von Neumann\u2019s Collected Works","author":"von Neumann John","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"John von Neumann . 1963. Various techniques for use in connection with random digits . In Von Neumann\u2019s Collected Works , Vol. 5 . Pergamon , 768--770. John von Neumann. 1963. Various techniques for use in connection with random digits. In Von Neumann\u2019s Collected Works, Vol. 5. Pergamon, 768--770."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Measurement of FPGA ring oscillator noise, and analysis using the Allan variance method. Presentation at CryptArchi","author":"Newell G. Richard","year":"2011","unstructured":"G. Richard Newell . 2011. Measurement of FPGA ring oscillator noise, and analysis using the Allan variance method. Presentation at CryptArchi 2011 . G. Richard Newell. 2011. Measurement of FPGA ring oscillator noise, and analysis using the Allan variance method. Presentation at CryptArchi 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Charles W. O\u2019Donnell G. Edward Suh and Srinivas Devadas. 2004. PUF-based random number generation. MIT CSAIL CSG Technical Memo 481.  Charles W. O\u2019Donnell G. Edward Suh and Srinivas Devadas. 2004. PUF-based random number generation. MIT CSAIL CSG Technical Memo 481."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPSW.2014.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.877896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1723112.1723152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ReConFig.2013.6732311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"1994 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS\u201994)","author":"Weigandt Todd C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Todd C. Weigandt , Beomsup Kim , and Paul R. Gray . 1994. Analysis of timing jitter in CMOS ring oscillators . In 1994 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS\u201994) , 4, 27--30. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAS. 1994 .409188 10.1109\/ISCAS.1994.409188 Todd C. Weigandt, Beomsup Kim, and Paul R. Gray. 1994. Analysis of timing jitter in CMOS ring oscillators. In 1994 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS\u201994), 4, 27--30. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAS.1994.409188"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2807699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2807699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:12:45Z","timestamp":1750227165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2807699"}},"subtitle":["Random Number Generators on FPGAs"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2807699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2807699","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1936-7406"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-7414"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-12-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}