{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:35:01Z","timestamp":1776090901738,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Foot-operated computer interfaces have been studied since the inception of human--computer interaction. Thanks to the miniaturisation and decreasing cost of sensing technology, there is an increasing interest exploring this alternative input modality, but no comprehensive overview of its research landscape. In this survey, we review the literature on interfaces operated by the lower limbs. We investigate the characteristics of users and how they affect the design of such interfaces. Next, we describe and analyse foot-based research prototypes and commercial systems in how they capture input and provide feedback. We then analyse the interactions between users and systems from the perspective of the actions performed in these interactions. Finally, we discuss our findings and use them to identify open questions and directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2816455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T19:22:29Z","timestamp":1443554549000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["The Feet in Human--Computer Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Velloso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University, UK"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University, UK"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Gellersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University, UK"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bulling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Bodily communication","author":"Argyle Michael","unstructured":"Michael Argyle . 1988. Bodily communication . Routledge , New York, NY . Michael Argyle. 1988. Bodily communication. Routledge, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/300523.300536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Which pedal is best","volume":"100","author":"Barnes Ralph M.","year":"1942","unstructured":"Ralph M. Barnes , Henry Hardaway , and Odif Podolsky . 1942 . Which pedal is best . Factory Management and Maintenance 100 , 98 -- 99 . Ralph M. Barnes, Henry Hardaway, and Odif Podolsky. 1942. Which pedal is best. Factory Management and Maintenance 100, 98--99.","journal-title":"Factory Management and Maintenance"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1875934300902010013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the New Directions in 3D User Interfaces Workshop of IEEE VR. 57--60","author":"Beckhaus Steffi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steffi Beckhaus , Kristopher J. Blom , and Matthias Haringer . 2005 a. Intuitive, hands-free travel interfaces for virtual environments . In Proceedings of the New Directions in 3D User Interfaces Workshop of IEEE VR. 57--60 . Steffi Beckhaus, Kristopher J. Blom, and Matthias Haringer. 2005a. Intuitive, hands-free travel interfaces for virtual environments. In Proceedings of the New Directions in 3D User Interfaces Workshop of IEEE VR. 57--60."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Science and Magic","author":"Beckhaus Steffi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steffi Beckhaus , Kristopher J. Blom , and Matthias Haringer . 2005 b. A new gaming device and interaction method for a First-Person-Shooter . In Proceedings of the Computer Science and Magic 2005. Steffi Beckhaus, Kristopher J. Blom, and Matthias Haringer. 2005b. A new gaming device and interaction method for a First-Person-Shooter. In Proceedings of the Computer Science and Magic 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"ChairIO--the chair-based Interface","volume":"1","author":"Beckhaus Steffi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Steffi Beckhaus , Kristopher J. Blom , and Matthias Haringer . 2007 . ChairIO--the chair-based Interface . Concepts and Technologies for Pervasive Games: A Reader for Pervasive Gaming Research 1 , 231 -- 264 . Steffi Beckhaus, Kristopher J. Blom, and Matthias Haringer. 2007. ChairIO--the chair-based Interface. Concepts and Technologies for Pervasive Games: A Reader for Pervasive Gaming Research 1, 231--264.","journal-title":"Concepts and Technologies for Pervasive Games: A Reader for Pervasive Gaming Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Towards accessible human-computer interaction","volume":"5","author":"Bergman Eric","year":"1995","unstructured":"Eric Bergman and Earl Johnson . 1995 . Towards accessible human-computer interaction . Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 5 , 1, 87 -- 114 . Eric Bergman and Earl Johnson. 1995. Towards accessible human-computer interaction. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 5, 1, 87--114.","journal-title":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Human--Computer Interaction (HCI International).","author":"Bieber Gerald","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gerald Bieber and Holger Diener . 2005 . Stepmanemdasha new kind of music interaction . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human--Computer Interaction (HCI International). Gerald Bieber and Holger Diener. 2005. Stepmanemdasha new kind of music interaction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human--Computer Interaction (HCI International)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Mark Billinghurst and Bill Buxton. 2011. Gesture based interaction. Human Input to Computer Systems: Theories Techniques and Technology 24.  Mark Billinghurst and Bill Buxton. 2011. Gesture based interaction. Human Input to Computer Systems: Theories Techniques and Technology 24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470757"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.708561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction--INTERACT","author":"Bruno Lu\u00eds","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu\u00eds Bruno , Jo\u00e3o Pereira , and Joaquim Jorge . 2013. A new approach to walking in place . In Human-Computer Interaction--INTERACT 2013 . Springer , 370--387. Lu\u00eds Bruno, Jo\u00e3o Pereira, and Joaquim Jorge. 2013. A new approach to walking in place. In Human-Computer Interaction--INTERACT 2013. Springer, 370--387."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2006.886250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists","volume":"3","author":"Chan Angel O. K.","unstructured":"Angel O. K. Chan , Alan H. S. Chan , Annie W. Y. Ng , and B. L. Luk . 2010. A preliminary analysis of movement times and subjective evaluations for a visually-controlled foot-tapping task on touch pad device . In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists , Vol. 3 . 17--19. Angel O. K. Chan, Alan H. S. Chan, Annie W. Y. Ng, and B. L. Luk. 2010. A preliminary analysis of movement times and subjective evaluations for a visually-controlled foot-tapping task on touch pad device. In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Vol. 3. 17--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.6.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2008","author":"Chen Meng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meng Chen , Bufu Huang , and Yangsheng Xu . 2008 . Intelligent shoes for abnormal gait detection . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2008 (ICRA\u201908). IEEE, 2019--2024. Meng Chen, Bufu Huang, and Yangsheng Xu. 2008. Intelligent shoes for abnormal gait detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2008 (ICRA\u201908). IEEE, 2019--2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.1997.637367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2146303.2146366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02115-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/263407.263550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2011.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface","author":"Dearman David","year":"2010","unstructured":"David Dearman , Amy Karlson , Brian Meyers , and Ben Bederson . 2010 . Multi-modal text entry and selection on a mobile device . In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010. Canadian Information Processing Society, 19--26. David Dearman, Amy Karlson, Brian Meyers, and Ben Bederson. 2010. Multi-modal text entry and selection on a mobile device. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010. Canadian Information Processing Society, 19--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions","author":"Drossis Giannis","unstructured":"Giannis Drossis , Dimitris Grammenos , Maria Bouhli , Ilia Adami , and Constantine Stephanidis . 2013. Comparative evaluation among diverse interaction techniques in three dimensional environments . In Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions . Springer , 3--12. Giannis Drossis, Dimitris Grammenos, Maria Bouhli, Ilia Adami, and Constantine Stephanidis. 2013. Comparative evaluation among diverse interaction techniques in three dimensional environments. In Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions. Springer, 3--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087501700408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Doug Engelbart Discusses Mouse Alternatives. (May","author":"Engelbart Douglas","year":"1984","unstructured":"Douglas Engelbart . 1984. Doug Engelbart Discusses Mouse Alternatives. (May 1984 ). Douglas Engelbart. 1984. Doug Engelbart Discusses Mouse Alternatives. (May 1984)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE.1967.232994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2008.4476598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2227605.2227618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2012.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1226969.1227019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-011-0249-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02556-3_57"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/857199.857998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Embodiment and Cognitive Science","author":"Gibbs Raymond W.","unstructured":"Raymond W. Gibbs . 2006. Embodiment and Cognitive Science . Cambridge University Press , New York, NY . Raymond W. Gibbs. 2006. Embodiment and Cognitive Science. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2479610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944-9720.2005.tb02225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1255047.1255061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"The Hidden Dimension","author":"Hall Edward","unstructured":"Edward Hall . 1966. The Hidden Dimension . Doubleday , Garden City, NY . Edward Hall. 1966. The Hidden Dimension. Doubleday, Garden City, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037373.2037379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00838-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470215208416600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866218.1866252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"The Computer Science Handbook","author":"Hinckley Ken","unstructured":"Ken Hinckley , R. Jacob , and Colin Ware . 2004. Input\/output devices and interaction techniques. In The Computer Science Handbook , 2 nd edition. A. B. Tucker (Ed.). Chapman and Hlal\/CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL. Ken Hinckley, R. Jacob, and Colin Ware. 2004. Input\/output devices and interaction techniques. In The Computer Science Handbook, 2nd edition. A. B. Tucker (Ed.). Chapman and Hlal\/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"The Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications (3rd. ed.)","author":"Hinckley Ken","unstructured":"Ken Hinckley and Daniel Wigdor . 2012. Input technologies and techniques . In The Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications (3rd. ed.) . Julie A. Jacko (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton , FL. Ken Hinckley and Daniel Wigdor. 2012. Input technologies and techniques. In The Human Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications (3rd. ed.). Julie A. Jacko (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME). 90--93","author":"Hockman Jason A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jason A. Hockman , Marcelo M. Wanderley , and Ichiro Fujinaga . 2009 . Real-time phase vocoder manipulation by runners pace . In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME). 90--93 . Jason A. Hockman, Marcelo M. Wanderley, and Ichiro Fujinaga. 2009. Real-time phase vocoder manipulation by runners pace. In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME). 90--93."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108967324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications","author":"Hollerbach John M.","unstructured":"John M. Hollerbach . 2002. Locomotion interfaces . In Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications . Kelly S. Hale and Kay M. Stanney (Eds.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Mahway, NJ . 239--254. John M. Hollerbach. 2002. Locomotion interfaces. In Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications. Kelly S. Hale and Kay M. Stanney (Eds.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahway, NJ. 239--254."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE, 29--36","author":"Zhi-Ling Hu Richard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richard Zhi-Ling Hu , Adam Hartfiel , James Tung , Adel Fakih , Jesse Hoey , and Pascal Poupart . 2011 . 3D Pose tracking of walker users\u2019 lower limb with a structured-light camera on a moving platform . In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE, 29--36 . Richard Zhi-Ling Hu, Adam Hartfiel, James Tung, Adel Fakih, Jesse Hoey, and Pascal Poupart. 2011. 3D Pose tracking of walker users\u2019 lower limb with a structured-light camera on a moving platform. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE, 29--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2006.340268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2479495"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1709886.1709906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0056940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/580521.835815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2494091.2497332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2008.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"2267","article-title":"Cross-cultural medicine","volume":"72","author":"Juckett Gregory","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gregory Juckett . 2005 . Cross-cultural medicine . American Family Physician 72 , 11, 2267 -- 2274 . Gregory Juckett. 2005. Cross-cultural medicine. American Family Physician 72, 11, 2267--2274.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"c. schraefel","author":"Karam Maria","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maria Karam and m. c. schraefel . 2005 . A Taxonomy of Gestures in Human Computer Interactions. Technical Report. University of Southampton . Maria Karam and m. c. schraefel. 2005. A Taxonomy of Gestures in Human Computer Interactions. Technical Report. University of Southampton."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2008.2008803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137108931255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Help me pull that cursor\u201d: A collaborative interactive floor enhancing community interaction","volume":"11","author":"Krogh Peter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peter Krogh , Martin Ludvigsen , and Andreas Lykke-Olesen . 2007 . \u201c Help me pull that cursor\u201d: A collaborative interactive floor enhancing community interaction . Australasian Journal of Information Systems 11 , 2, 75 -- 87 . Peter Krogh, Martin Ludvigsen, and Andreas Lykke-Olesen. 2007. \u201cHelp me pull that cursor\u201d: A collaborative interactive floor enhancing community interaction. Australasian Journal of Information Systems 11, 2, 75--87.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280953.284801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/364338.364339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Sound and Music Computing for Human-Computer Interaction (CHItaly). 13--16","author":"L\u00e9cuyer Anatole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anatole L\u00e9cuyer , Maud Marchal , Adrien Hamelin , David Wolinski , Federico Fontana , Marco Civolani , Stefano Papetti , Stefania Serafin , and others. 2011 . Shoes-your-style: Changing sound of footsteps to create new walking experiences . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Sound and Music Computing for Human-Computer Interaction (CHItaly). 13--16 . Anatole L\u00e9cuyer, Maud Marchal, Adrien Hamelin, David Wolinski, Federico Fontana, Marco Civolani, Stefano Papetti, Stefania Serafin, and others. 2011. Shoes-your-style: Changing sound of footsteps to create new walking experiences. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Sound and Music Computing for Human-Computer Interaction (CHItaly). 13--16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"Lynn S. Lippert. 2011. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. F. A. Davis Philadelphia PA.  Lynn S. Lippert. 2011. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. F. A. Davis Philadelphia PA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition (RecPad\u201910)","author":"Santos Afonso Lopes Pedro Andr\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pedro Andr\u00e9 Santos Afonso Lopes , Guilherme Fernandes , and Joaquim Jorge . 2010 . Trainable DTW-based classifier for recognizing feet-gestures . In Proceedings of the 16th Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition (RecPad\u201910) . Pedro Andr\u00e9 Santos Afonso Lopes, Guilherme Fernandes, and Joaquim Jorge. 2010. Trainable DTW-based classifier for recognizing feet-gestures. In Proceedings of the 16th Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition (RecPad\u201910)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1188-118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0701_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317885"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2503713.2503740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Paradiso","author":"McElligott Lisa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lisa McElligott , Michelle Dillon , Krispin Leydon , Bruce Richardson , Mikael Fernstr\u00f6m , and Joseph A . Paradiso . 2002 . ForSe FIElds-force sensors for interactive environments. In Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. Springer , 168--175. Lisa McElligott, Michelle Dillon, Krispin Leydon, Bruce Richardson, Mikael Fernstr\u00f6m, and Joseph A. Paradiso. 2002. ForSe FIElds-force sensors for interactive environments. In Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. Springer, 168--175."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1620545.1620577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208096"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"7th Sound and Music Computing Conference","author":"Moens Bart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bart Moens , Leon van Noorden , and Marc Leman . 2010 . D-Jogger: Syncing music with walking . In 7th Sound and Music Computing Conference 2010, Barcelona, Spain. Bart Moens, Leon van Noorden, and Marc Leman. 2010. D-Jogger: Syncing music with walking. In 7th Sound and Music Computing Conference 2010, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/506443.506522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.930906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Random House","author":"Morris Desmond","unstructured":"Desmond Morris . 2002. Peoplewatching. Random House , New York, NY . Desmond Morris. 2002. Peoplewatching. Random House, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"What Everybody Is Saying","author":"Navarro Joe","unstructured":"Joe Navarro and Marvin Karlins . 2009. What Everybody Is Saying . HarperCollins , New York, NY . Joe Navarro and Marvin Karlins. 2009. What Everybody Is Saying. HarperCollins, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"NSF 2006 Engineering Senior Design Projects to Aid Persons with Disabilities.","author":"Odom Devin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Devin Odom , Krishana Wooding , and Jesse Longoria . 2006 . Thigh-controlled piano pedal . In NSF 2006 Engineering Senior Design Projects to Aid Persons with Disabilities. Devin Odom, Krishana Wooding, and Jesse Longoria. 2006. Thigh-controlled piano pedal. In NSF 2006 Engineering Senior Design Projects to Aid Persons with Disabilities."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2011.5996558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/633292.633453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067343.1067390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression. 473--476","author":"Papetti Stefano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stefano Papetti , Marco Civolani , and Federico Fontana . 2011 . Rhythm and Shoes: A wearable foot tapping interface with audio-tactile feedback . In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression. 473--476 . Stefano Papetti, Marco Civolani, and Federico Fontana. 2011. Rhythm and Shoes: A wearable foot tapping interface with audio-tactile feedback. In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression. 473--476."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1120212.1120391"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.393.0511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 International Computer Music Conference. 453--456","author":"Paradiso Joseph A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Joseph A. Paradiso , Kai-Yuh Hsiao , and Eric Hu . 1999 a. Interactive music for instrumented dancing shoes . In Proceedings of the 1999 International Computer Music Conference. 453--456 . Joseph A. Paradiso, Kai-Yuh Hsiao, and Eric Hu. 1999a. Interactive music for instrumented dancing shoes. In Proceedings of the 1999 International Computer Music Conference. 453--456."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Joseph","year":"1997","unstructured":"Joseph A. Paradiso and Eric Hu. 1997. Expressive footwear for computer-augmented dance performance . In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Wearable Computers , 1997 . Digest of Papers. IEEE, 165--166. Joseph A. Paradiso and Eric Hu. 1997. Expressive footwear for computer-augmented dance performance. In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997. Digest of Papers. IEEE, 165--166."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XII Colloquium on Musical Informatics. 24--26","author":"Paradiso Joseph A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Joseph A. Paradiso , Eric Hu , and Kai-yuh Hsiao. 1998 . Instrumented footwear for interactive dance . In Proceedings of the XII Colloquium on Musical Informatics. 24--26 . Joseph A. Paradiso, Eric Hu, and Kai-yuh Hsiao. 1998. Instrumented footwear for interactive dance. In Proceedings of the XII Colloquium on Musical Informatics. 24--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"The CyberShoe: A wireless multisensor interface for a dancer\u2019s feet","volume":"99","author":"Paradiso Joseph A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Joseph A. Paradiso , Eric Hu , and Kai-yuh Y Hsiao . 1999 b. The CyberShoe: A wireless multisensor interface for a dancer\u2019s feet . Proceedings of International Dance and Technology 99 , 57 -- 60 . Joseph A. Paradiso, Eric Hu, and Kai-yuh Y Hsiao. 1999b. The CyberShoe: A wireless multisensor interface for a dancer\u2019s feet. Proceedings of International Dance and Technology 99, 57--60.","journal-title":"Proceedings of International Dance and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/22627.22392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/57167.57169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/49108.1046356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1452392.1452412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/568513.568514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678208992202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5642\/perfpr.199306.02.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2005.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-005-0016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Designing Gestural Interfaces: Touchscreens and Interactive Devices. O\u2019Reilly Media","author":"Saffer Dan","unstructured":"Dan Saffer . 2008. Designing Gestural Interfaces: Touchscreens and Interactive Devices. O\u2019Reilly Media , Inc., Sebastopol, CA. Dan Saffer. 2008. Designing Gestural Interfaces: Touchscreens and Interactive Devices. O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2076354.2076409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface.","author":"Saunders William","year":"2015","unstructured":"William Saunders and Daniel Vogel . 2015 . The performance of indirect foot pointing using discrete taps and kicks while standing . In Proceedings of Graphics Interface. William Saunders and Daniel Vogel. 2015. The performance of indirect foot pointing using discrete taps and kicks while standing. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1520340.1520717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0702_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACTE.2010.5579352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2014.6798845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","volume-title":"Gibbons","author":"Simonen Riitta L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riitta L. Simonen , Tapio Videman , Michele C. Batti\u00e9 , and Laura E . Gibbons . 1995 . Comparison of foot and hand reaction times among men: A methodologic study using simple and multiple-choice repeated measurements. Perceptual and Motor Skills . Riitta L. Simonen, Tapio Videman, Michele C. Batti\u00e9, and Laura E. Gibbons. 1995. Comparison of foot and hand reaction times among men: A methodologic study using simple and multiple-choice repeated measurements. Perceptual and Motor Skills."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/210079.210084"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(95)00045-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"Human Walking in Virtual Environments","author":"Steinicke Frank","unstructured":"Frank Steinicke , Yon Visell , Jennifer Campos , and Anatole L\u00e9cuyer . 2013. Human Walking in Virtual Environments . Springer . Frank Steinicke, Yon Visell, Jennifer Campos, and Anatole L\u00e9cuyer. 2013. Human Walking in Virtual Environments. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037296.2037310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/765891.765957"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2012.6491179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/857199.858031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2011.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","volume-title":"MobileHCI 2012 : Mobile Vision (MobiVis) Vision-based Applications and HCI","author":"R\u00e9hman Shafiq","unstructured":"Shafiq ur R\u00e9hman , Abdullah Khan , Haibo Li , and Applied Physics . 2012. Interactive Feet for Mobile Immersive Interaction . In MobileHCI 2012 : Mobile Vision (MobiVis) Vision-based Applications and HCI , Vol. 2011 . MOBIVIS. Shafiq ur R\u00e9hman, Abdullah Khan, Haibo Li, and Applied Physics. 2012. Interactive Feet for Mobile Immersive Interaction. In MobileHCI 2012 : Mobile Vision (MobiVis) Vision-based Applications and HCI, Vol. 2011. MOBIVIS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22701-6_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2793107.2793145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1152399.1152406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","unstructured":"Timothy D. Weaver and R. G. Klein. 2006. The evolution of human walking. In Human Walking. Jessica Rose and James G. Gamble (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia PA.  Timothy D. Weaver and R. G. Klein. 2006. The evolution of human walking. In Human Walking. Jessica Rose and James G. Gamble (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia PA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2010.5444812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010325.2010329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SBGAMES.2011.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2008.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2013.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","author":"Ye Weizhong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weizhong Ye , Yangsheng Xu , and Ka Keung Lee . 2005 . Shoe-Mouse: An integrated intelligent shoe . In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems , 2005 (IROS\u201905). IEEE, 1163--1167. Weizhong Ye, Yangsheng Xu, and Ka Keung Lee. 2005. Shoe-Mouse: An integrated intelligent shoe. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2005 (IROS\u201905). IEEE, 1163--1167."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Adjustable pedals by gesture recognition: A novel approach for user interface in automotive","volume":"11","author":"Yousaf Muhammad Haroon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muhammad Haroon Yousaf and Hafiz Adnan Habib . 2012 . Adjustable pedals by gesture recognition: A novel approach for user interface in automotive . Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11 , 11, 1575 -- 1583 . Muhammad Haroon Yousaf and Hafiz Adnan Habib. 2012. Adjustable pedals by gesture recognition: A novel approach for user interface in automotive. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11, 11, 1575--1583.","journal-title":"Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2338676.2338713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2011.10"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2816455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2816455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:48:23Z","timestamp":1750225703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2816455"}},"subtitle":["A Survey of Foot-Based Interaction"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2816455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2816455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}