{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:14:17Z","timestamp":1750306457429,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Chinese spelling check<\/jats:italic>\n            (CSC) is still an unsolved problem today since there are many homonymous or homomorphous characters. Recently, more and more CSC systems have been proposed. To the best of our knowledge, language modeling is one of the major components among these systems because of its simplicity and moderately good predictive power. After deeply analyzing the school of research, we are aware that most of the systems only employ the conventional\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -gram language models. The contributions of this article are threefold. First, we propose a novel probabilistic framework for CSC, which naturally combines several important components, such as the substitution model and the language model, to inherit their individual merits as well as to overcome their limitations. Second, we incorporate the topic language models into the CSC system in an unsupervised fashion. The topic language models can capture the long-span semantic information from a word (character) string while the conventional\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -gram language models can only preserve the local regularity information. Third, we further integrate Web resources with the proposed framework to enhance the overall performance. Our rigorously empirical experiments demonstrate the consistent and utility performance of the proposed framework in the CSC task.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2826234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T14:19:41Z","timestamp":1447424381000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Probabilistic Framework for Chinese Spelling Check"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academia Sinica, Taiwan and National Taiwan University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academia Sinica, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Hsi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/944919.944937"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1999.0128"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1482343.1482345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing. 359--372","author":"Chen Yong-Zhi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yong-Zhi Chen , Shih-Hung Wu , Chia-Ching Lu , and Tsun Ku . 2009 . Chinese confusion word set for automatic generation of spelling error detecting template . In Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing. 359--372 . Yong-Zhi Chen, Shih-Hung Wu, Chia-Ching Lu, and Tsun Ku. 2009. Chinese confusion word set for automatic generation of spelling error detecting template. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing. 359--372."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2010.5494942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2011.5947621"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 79--83","author":"Chen Kuan-Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuan-Yu Chen , Hung-Shin Lee , Chung-Han Lee , Hsin-Min Wang , and Hsin-Hsi Chen . 2013 . A study of language modeling for Chinese spelling check . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 79--83 . Kuan-Yu Chen, Hung-Shin Lee, Chung-Han Lee, Hsin-Min Wang, and Hsin-Hsi Chen. 2013. A study of language modeling for Chinese spelling check. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 79--83."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2014.6854974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2014.6890220"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 49--53","author":"Chiu Hsun-Wen","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Hsun-Wen Chiu , Jian-Cheng Wu , and Jason S. Chang . 2013. Chinese spelling checker based on statistical machine translation . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 49--53 . Hsun-Wen Chiu, Jian-Cheng Wu, and Jason S. Chang. 2013. Chinese spelling checker based on statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 49--53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2011.5947358"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Griffiths and Mark Steyvers","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thomas L. Griffiths and Mark Steyvers . 2004 . Finding Scientific Topics. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 5228--5235. Thomas L. Griffiths and Mark Steyvers. 2004. Finding Scientific Topics. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 5228--5235."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 8440--8444","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Md. Akmal Haidar and Douglas O\u2019Shaughnessy. 2013. Comparison of a bigram PLSA and a novel context-based PLSA language model for speech recognition . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 8440--8444 . Md. Akmal Haidar and Douglas O\u2019Shaughnessy. 2013. Comparison of a bigram PLSA and a novel context-based PLSA language model for speech recognition. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 8440--8444."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 74--78","author":"Han Dongxu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dongxu Han and Baobao Chang . 2013 . A maximum entropy approach to Chinese spelling check . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 74--78 . Dongxu Han and Baobao Chang. 2013. A maximum entropy approach to Chinese spelling check. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 74--78."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 59--63","author":"Hsieh Yu-Ming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu-Ming Hsieh , Ming-Hong Bai , and Keh-Jiann Chen . 2013 . Introduction to CKIP Chinese spelling check system for SIGHAN bakeoff 2013 evaluation . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 59--63 . Yu-Ming Hsieh, Ming-Hong Bai, and Keh-Jiann Chen. 2013. Introduction to CKIP Chinese spelling check system for SIGHAN bakeoff 2013 evaluation. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 59--63."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 289--296","author":"Hofmann Thomas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thomas Hofmann . 1999 . Probabilistic latent semantic analysis . In Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 289--296 . Thomas Hofmann. 1999. Probabilistic latent semantic analysis. In Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 289--296."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. 124--129","author":"Huang Song-Fang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Song-Fang Huang and Steve Renals . 2007 . Hierarchical Pitman-Yor language models for ASR in meetings . In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. 124--129 . Song-Fang Huang and Steve Renals. 2007. Hierarchical Pitman-Yor language models for ASR in meetings. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. 124--129."},{"volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition","author":"Jelinek Frederick","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Frederick Jelinek . 1999. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition . MIT Press . Frederick Jelinek. 1999. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Martin","author":"Jurafsky Daniel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Daniel Jurafsky and James H . Martin . 2009 . Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall PTR , Upper Saddle River, NJ. Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin. 2009. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/997939.997975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.007"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. 282--289","author":"Lafferty John D.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"John D. Lafferty , Andrew McCallum , and Fernando C. N. Pereira . 2001. Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. 282--289 . John D. Lafferty, Andrew McCallum, and Fernando C. N. Pereira. 2001. Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. 282--289."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.383972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 79--87","author":"Lin Shih-Hsiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shih-Hsiang Lin and Berlin Chen . 2010 . A Risk Minimization Framework for Extractive Speech Summarization . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 79--87 . Shih-Hsiang Lin and Berlin Chen. 2010. A Risk Minimization Framework for Extractive Speech Summarization. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 79--87."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1967293.1967297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 54--58","author":"Liu Xiaodong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xiaodong Liu , Fei Cheng , Yanyan Luo , Kevin Duh , and Yuji Matsumoto . 2013 . A hybrid Chinese spelling correction using language model and statistical machine translation with reranking . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 54--58 . Xiaodong Liu, Fei Cheng, Yanyan Luo, Kevin Duh, and Yuji Matsumoto. 2013. A hybrid Chinese spelling correction using language model and statistical machine translation with reranking. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 54--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2014.6854196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1119250.1119276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. 141--146","author":"Nie Jiazhong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jiazhong Nie , Runxin Li , Dingsheng Luo , and Xihong Wu . 2007 . Refine bigram PLSA model by assigning latent topics unevenly . In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. 141--146 . Jiazhong Nie, Runxin Li, Dingsheng Luo, and Xihong Wu. 2007. Refine bigram PLSA model by assigning latent topics unevenly. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. 141--146."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/290941.291008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Andreas Stolcke. 2000. SRI Language Modeling Toolkit. http:\/\/www.speech.sri.com\/projects\/srilm\/.  Andreas Stolcke. 2000. SRI Language Modeling Toolkit. http:\/\/www.speech.sri.com\/projects\/srilm\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. 901--904","author":"Stolcke Andreas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andreas Stolcke . 2005 . SRILM: An extensible language modeling toolkit . In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. 901--904 . Andreas Stolcke. 2005. SRILM: An extensible language modeling toolkit. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. 901--904."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. 1045--1048","author":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Mikolov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mikolov Tom\u00e1\u0161 , Karafi\u00e1t Martin , Burget Luk\u00e1\u0161 , \u010cernock\u00fd Jan and Khudanpur Sanjeev . 2010 . Recurrent neural network based language model . In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. 1045--1048 . Mikolov Tom\u00e1\u0161, Karafi\u00e1t Martin, Burget Luk\u00e1\u0161, \u010cernock\u00fd Jan and Khudanpur Sanjeev. 2010. Recurrent neural network based language model. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. 1045--1048."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Neighborhood size effects of Chinese Words in lexical decision and reading","volume":"7","author":"Tsai Jie-Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jie-Li Tsai , Chia-Ying Lee , Ying-Chun Lin , Ovid J. L. Tzeng , and Daisy L. Hung . 2006 . Neighborhood size effects of Chinese Words in lexical decision and reading . Language & Linguistics. 7 , 3, 659 -- 675 . Jie-Li Tsai, Chia-Ying Lee, Ying-Chun Lin, Ovid J. L. Tzeng, and Daisy L. Hung. 2006. Neighborhood size effects of Chinese Words in lexical decision and reading. Language & Linguistics. 7, 3, 659--675.","journal-title":"Language & Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 64--68","author":"Wang Chun-Hung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chun-Hung Wang , Jason S. Chang , and Jian-Cheng Wu . 2013 a. Automatic Chinese confusion words extraction using conditional random fields and the Web . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 64--68 . Chun-Hung Wang, Jason S. Chang, and Jian-Cheng Wu. 2013a. Automatic Chinese confusion words extraction using conditional random fields and the Web. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 64--68."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 69--73","author":"Wang Yih-Ru","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yih-Ru Wang , Yuan-Fu Liao , Yeh-Kuang Wu , and Liang-Chun Chang . 2013 b. Conditional random field-based parser and language model for traditional Chinese spelling checker . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 69--73 . Yih-Ru Wang, Yuan-Fu Liao, Yeh-Kuang Wu, and Liang-Chun Chang. 2013b. Conditional random field-based parser and language model for traditional Chinese spelling checker. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 69--73."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop.","author":"Wu Shih-Hung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shih-Hung Wu , Yong-Zhi Chen , Ping-che Yang, Tsun Ku , and Chao-Lin Liu . 2010 . Reducing the false alarm rate of Chinese character error detection and correction . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. Shih-Hung Wu, Yong-Zhi Chen, Ping-che Yang, Tsun Ku, and Chao-Lin Liu. 2010. Reducing the false alarm rate of Chinese character error detection and correction. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 35--42","author":"Wu Shih-Hung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shih-Hung Wu , Chao-Lin Liu , and Lung-Hao Lee . 2013 . Chinese spelling check evaluation at SIGHAN Bake-off 2013 . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 35--42 . Shih-Hung Wu, Chao-Lin Liu, and Lung-Hao Lee. 2013. Chinese spelling check evaluation at SIGHAN Bake-off 2013. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 35--42."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. 730--736","author":"Yang Shaohua","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaohua Yang , Hai Zhao , Xiaolin Wang , and Baoliang Lu . 2012 . Spell checking for Chinese . In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. 730--736 . Shaohua Yang, Hai Zhao, Xiaolin Wang, and Baoliang Lu. 2012. Spell checking for Chinese. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. 730--736."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 43--48","author":"Yeh Jui-Feng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jui-Feng Yeh , Sheng-Feng Li , Mei-Rong Wu , Wen-Yi Chen , and Mao-Chuan Su . 2013 . Chinese word spelling correction based on n-gram ranked inverted index list . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 43--48 . Jui-Feng Yeh, Sheng-Feng Li, Mei-Rong Wu, Wen-Yi Chen, and Mao-Chuan Su. 2013. Chinese word spelling correction based on n-gram ranked inverted index list. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 43--48."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 108--112","author":"Yu Liang-Chih","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang-Chih Yu , Chao-Hong Liu , and Chung-Hsien Wu . 2013 . Candidate scoring using web-based measure for Chinese spelling error correction . In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 108--112 . Liang-Chih Yu, Chao-Hong Liu, and Chung-Hsien Wu. 2013. Candidate scoring using web-based measure for Chinese spelling error correction. In Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Chinese Language Processing Workshop. 108--112."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCICA.2000.862557"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2826234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2826234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:43:23Z","timestamp":1750225403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2826234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2826234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2826234","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}