{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:15:00Z","timestamp":1750306500716,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Singapore Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R-253-000-091-112","R-253-000-103-112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-253-000-091-112","R-253-000-103-112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018564","name":"Guangdong Soft Science Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2014A070704005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014A070704005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71503084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71503084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMIS Database"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The starting salary of a fresh graduate is considered a potential indicator of career advancement. Yet few studies have examined the determinants of starting salaries of information technology (IT) graduates. Further, existing studies have focused on how demographics affect either the salary or the kind of job the graduate enters into, but rarely both. In this paper, we explore both and examine if entry into an IT job mediates the effects of demographics on the starting salaries of fresh IT graduates. Our model is tested using data from annual surveys of undergraduate students majoring in IT at a large public university in Singapore over a 5-year period. We find that gender and foreigner status influence both starting salary and fresh graduates' entry into an IT vs. non IT job. Further, the effect of gender on the starting salaries of IT graduates is partially mediated by their entry into an IT job. In other words, part of the reason for a gender difference in starting salary could be attributed to female IT majors being less likely to enter IT jobs upon graduation than their male counterparts. On the other hand, foreign IT graduates are more likely to enter IT jobs, yet their starting salaries are found to be lower than local graduates. The implications of the results for research and practice are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2843824.2843826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T16:19:01Z","timestamp":1446740341000},"page":"9-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigating the Determinants of Starting Salary of IT Graduates"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Chunmian","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atreyi","family":"Kankanhalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapo, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Adams S. 2013. \"College Degrees with the Highest Starting Salaries \" in: Forbes.  Adams S. 2013. \"College Degrees with the Highest Starting Salaries \" in: Forbes."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1290958.1290964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.48.11.1427.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1982143.1982184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker G.S. 1993. Human Capital A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education National Bureau of Economic Research The University of Chicago Press Chicago.  Becker G.S. 1993. Human Capital A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education National Bureau of Economic Research The University of Chicago Press Chicago.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226041223.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.2.3.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-232X.2007.00479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Bloomberg 2014. \"Highest-Paid Software Engineers: Countries\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/visual-data\/best-and-worst\/highest-paid-software-engineers-countries  Bloomberg 2014. \"Highest-Paid Software Engineers: Countries\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/visual-data\/best-and-worst\/highest-paid-software-engineers-countries"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Bretts B. 1993. \"She Shall Overcome \" in: Computerworld. pp. 67--70.  Bretts B. 1993. \"She Shall Overcome \" in: Computerworld. pp. 67--70."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne G. Lorraine S. and Elisha B. 2006. \"Gender and the Australian IT Industry \" in: Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology Idea Group Reference Hershey PA: pp 467--473.  Byrne G. Lorraine S. and Elisha B. 2006. \"Gender and the Australian IT Industry \" in: Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology Idea Group Reference Hershey PA: pp 467--473.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-815-4.ch073"},{"volume-title":"Labor Force: A Databook.\" U","year":"2007","author":"Chao E.L.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"591","article-title":"The Impact of Expectations on Newcomer Performance in Teams as Mediated by Work Characteristics, Social Exchanges, and Empowerment","author":"Chen G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal (46:5)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2007.00483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Claburn T. 2013. \"H-1b Workers Not Best or Brightest Study Says \" in: InformationWeek.  Claburn T. 2013. \"H-1b Workers Not Best or Brightest Study Says \" in: InformationWeek."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"CNET. 2008. \"Bill Gates to Congress: Let Us Hire More Foreigners\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/bill-gates-to-congress-let-us-hire-more-foreigners\/  CNET. 2008. \"Bill Gates to Congress: Let Us Hire More Foreigners\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/bill-gates-to-congress-let-us-hire-more-foreigners\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Critical Factors Affecting Job Offers for New MIS Graduates","author":"Fang X.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Information Systems Education (15)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Core IS Capabilities for Exploiting Information Technology","author":"Feeny D.F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review (39:3)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Technology and Tolerance: The Importance of Diversity to High-Technology Growth","author":"Florida R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Urban Policy (9)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"884","article-title":"The Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults in the United States: The Importance of Money Versus People","author":"Fortin N.M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources (43:4)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gefen D. Rigdon E. and Straub D.W. 2011. \"An Update and Extension to SEM Guidelines for Administrative and Social Science Research\" MIS Quarterly (35:2) pp. iii-xiv   Gefen D. Rigdon E. and Straub D.W. 2011. \"An Update and Extension to SEM Guidelines for Administrative and Social Science Research\" MIS Quarterly (35:2) pp. iii-xiv","DOI":"10.2307\/23044042"},{"first-page":"691","volume-title":"Springer","author":"G\u00f6tz O.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Residual Differences by Sex: Perspectives on the Gender Gap in Earnings","author":"Goldin C.","year":"1987","journal-title":"The American Economic Review (77:2)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"827","article-title":"The Gender Pay Gap beyond Human Capital Heterogeneity in Noncognitive Skills and in Labor Market Tastes","author":"Grove W.A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources (46:4)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0261-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2009.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-007-9077-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"IIE 2012. \"Report on International Educational Exchange \" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.iie.org\/Research-and-Publications\/Publications-and-Reports\/IIE-Bookstore\/Open-Doors-2012  IIE 2012. \"Report on International Educational Exchange \" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.iie.org\/Research-and-Publications\/Publications-and-Reports\/IIE-Bookstore\/Open-Doors-2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2481639.2481645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"KPMG 2013. \"Technology Industry Outlook Survey\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.kpmg.com\/SG\/en\/IssuesAndInsights\/ArticlesPublications\/Documents\/Advisory-Technology-2013-Technology-Industry-Outlook-Survey.pdf  KPMG 2013. \"Technology Industry Outlook Survey\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www.kpmg.com\/SG\/en\/IssuesAndInsights\/ArticlesPublications\/Documents\/Advisory-Technology-2013-Technology-Industry-Outlook-Survey.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/975817.975818"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592401.1592406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"580","article-title":"Gender Earnings Gap among College-Educated Workers","author":"Loury L.D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review (50; 4)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.4.777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/298381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"On the Need for Reform of the H-1b Non-Immigrant Work Visa in Computer-Related Occupations","author":"Matloff N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform (36)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"McConnell S. 2003. Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules Better Projects Superior Products Enhanced Careers. Boston: Addison Wesley.   McConnell S. 2003. Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules Better Projects Superior Products Enhanced Careers. Boston: Addison Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1100.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/379300.379317"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Needleman S.E. 2008. \"Ivy Leaguers' Big Edge: Starting Pay \" in: The Wall Street Journal.  Needleman S.E. 2008. \"Ivy Leaguers' Big Edge: Starting Pay \" in: The Wall Street Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsodit.2011010102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Neill J. 2003. \"The Gender Gap in Wages Circa 2000 \" The American Economic Review (93:2) pp. 309--314.  O'Neill J. 2003. \"The Gender Gap in Wages Circa 2000 \" The American Economic Review (93:2) pp. 309--314.","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321947254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pande R. 2006. \"Digital divide gender and the Indian experience in IT \" in: Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology pp 191--199 Idea Group Reference Hershey PA.  Pande R. 2006. \"Digital divide gender and the Indian experience in IT \" in: Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology pp 191--199 Idea Group Reference Hershey PA.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-815-4.ch031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2008.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Princeton University","author":"Park E. J. W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"PayScale 2013. \"2013--2014 PayScale College Salary Report\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www. payscale.com\/college-salary-report-2013\/full-list-of-schools  PayScale 2013. \"2013--2014 PayScale College Salary Report\" Retrieved 1 July 2014 from http:\/\/www. payscale.com\/college-salary-report-2013\/full-list-of-schools"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Information Technology Wages and the Value of Certifications: A Human Capital Perspective","author":"Quan J.J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems (19)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2009.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Salzman H. Kuehn D. and Lowell B.L. 2013. \"Guestworkers in the high-skill U.S. labor market: An analysis of supply employment and wage trends.\" Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper (359).  Salzman H. Kuehn D. and Lowell B.L. 2013. \"Guestworkers in the high-skill U.S. labor market: An analysis of supply employment and wage trends.\" Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper (359)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"604","article-title":"Determinants of Graduating MIS Student Starting Salary in Boom and Bust Job Markets","author":"Sandvig J.C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems (16)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Singh S. 2003. \"US Visas are Not a TCS-Specific Issue \" in: Businessworld (India).  Singh S. 2003. \"US Visas are Not a TCS-Specific Issue \" in: Businessworld (India)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(94)90094-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tattersall A. Keogh C. Richardson H.J. and Adam A. 2006. \"Women and the IT workplace - issues from North West England \" in: Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology Idea Group Reference Hershey PA: pp. 1252--1257.  Tattersall A. Keogh C. Richardson H.J. and Adam A. 2006. \"Women and the IT workplace - issues from North West England \" in: Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology Idea Group Reference Hershey PA: pp. 1252--1257.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-815-4.ch197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Information Technology Worker Recruitment: An Empirical Examination of Entry-Level IT Job Seekers' Labor Market","author":"Thatcher J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems (31:1)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840210430552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2214091.2214141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jgim.2008100101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2009.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249761"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0019-8676.721998035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"WetFeet. 2009. Careers in Information Technology. Philadelphia: PA.  WetFeet. 2009. Careers in Information Technology. Philadelphia: PA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/038875ar"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2843824.2843826","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2843824.2843826","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:48:50Z","timestamp":1750225730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2843824.2843826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2843824.2843826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2843824.2843826","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-0033","1532-0936"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0095-0033"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1532-0936"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}