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Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Animated characters are expected to fulfill a variety of social roles across different domains. To be successful and effective, these characters must display a wide range of personalities. Designers and animators create characters with appropriate personalities by using their intuition and artistic expertise. Our goal is to provide evidence-based principles for creating social characters. In this article, we describe the results of two experiments that show how exaggerated and damped facial motion magnitude influence impressions of cartoon and more realistic animated characters. In our first experiment, participants watched animated characters that varied in rendering style and facial motion magnitude. The participants then rated the different animated characters on extroversion, warmth, and competence, which are social traits that are relevant for characters used in entertainment, therapy, and education. We found that facial motion magnitude affected these social traits in cartoon and realistic characters differently. Facial motion magnitude affected ratings of cartoon characters\u2019 extroversion and competence more than their warmth. In contrast, facial motion magnitude affected ratings of realistic characters\u2019 extroversion but not their competence nor warmth. We ran a second experiment to extend the results of the first. In the second experiment, we added emotional valence as a variable. We also asked participants to rate the characters on more specific aspects of warmth, such as respectfulness, calmness, and attentiveness. Although the characters\u2019 emotional valence did not affect ratings, we found that facial motion magnitude influenced ratings of the characters\u2019 respectfulness and calmness but not attentiveness. These findings provide a basis for how animators can fine-tune facial motion to control perceptions of animated characters\u2019 personalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2851499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,10]],"date-time":"2016-02-10T09:34:29Z","timestamp":1455096869000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluating Animated Characters"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hyde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Kiesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica K.","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(02)00146-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.1.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280802479998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010690525717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Nudge nudge wink wink: Elements of face-to-face conversation for embodied conversational agents","author":"Cassell Justine","unstructured":"Justine Cassell . 2000. Nudge nudge wink wink: Elements of face-to-face conversation for embodied conversational agents . In Embodied Conversational Agents, Justine Cassell, Joseph Sullivan, Scott Prevost, and Elizabeth Churchill (Eds.). MIT Press , 1--27. Justine Cassell. 2000. Nudge nudge wink wink: Elements of face-to-face conversation for embodied conversational agents. In Embodied Conversational Agents, Justine Cassell, Joseph Sullivan, Scott Prevost, and Elizabeth Churchill (Eds.). MIT Press, 1--27."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(02)00055-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Technology: Instruments of Mind, Meurig Beynon, Chrystopher L","author":"Donath Judith","unstructured":"Judith Donath . 2001. Mediated faces . 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Carter , Sara Kiesler , and Jessica K. Hodgins . 2013. Perceptual effects of damped and exaggerated facial motion in animated characters . In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG\u201913) . IEEE, 1--6. Jennifer Hyde, Elizabeth J. Carter, Sara Kiesler, and Jessica K. Hodgins. 2013. Perceptual effects of damped and exaggerated facial motion in animated characters. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG\u201913). IEEE, 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2628257.2628267"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP) Abstract Supplement.","author":"Kleiner Mario","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mario Kleiner , David Brainard , and Denis Pelli . 2007 . 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