{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:12:03Z","timestamp":1750306323796,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, New York, USA","reference-count":47,"publisher":"ACM Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"FFG - Austrian Research Promotion Agency","award":["COMET K1","Bridge Early Stage 846573 A2Bit"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMET K1","Bridge Early Stage 846573 A2Bit"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2872518.2891066","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]],"date-time":"2017-01-23T20:35:52Z","timestamp":1485203752000},"page":"1021-1024","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cryptographic Currencies Crash Course (C4)"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Aljosha","family":"Judmayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Weippl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alex Biryukov and Dmitry Khovratovich and Ivan Pustogarov. Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network. CoRR, abs\/1405.7418, 2014.","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660379"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Babaioff, S. Dobzinski, S. Oren, and A. Zohar. On bitcoin and red balloons. pages 56--73, 2012.","DOI":"10.1145\/2229012.2229022"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-3","unstructured":"A. Back et al. Hashcash-a denial of service counter-measure. http:\/\/www.hashcash.org\/papers\/hashcash.pdf, 2002."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Bamert, C. Decker, L. Elsen, R. Wattenhofer, and S. Welten. Have a snack, pay with bitcoins. In 13th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, 2013.","DOI":"10.1109\/P2P.2013.6688717"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Biryukov and I. Pustogarov. Bitcoin over tor isn't a good idea. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.6079, 2014.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.15"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-6","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcoin developer guide. https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/en\/developer-guide. Accessed: 2014--10--14."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-7","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcoin github meta repository. https:\/\/github.com\/bitcoin\/. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-8","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcoin improvement proposals (bips). https:\/\/github.com\/bitcoin\/bips. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-9","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcoin protocol specification. https:\/\/en.bitcoin.it\/wiki\/Protocol_specification. Accessed: 2014--10--14."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-10","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcoin source code. https:\/\/github.com\/bitcoin\/bitcoin. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-11","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcoin wiki. https:\/\/bitcoin.it\/. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-12","unstructured":"Bitcoin community. Bitcointalk forum. https:\/\/bitcointalk.org\/. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-13","unstructured":"Blockchain.info. Bitcoin currency statistics. http:\/\/blockchain.info\/. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-14","unstructured":"J. Bonneau, E. W. Felten, S. Goldfeder, J. A. Kroll, and A. Narayanan. Why buy when you can rent? http:\/\/www.jbonneau.com\/doc\/BFGKN14-bitcoin_bribery.pdf."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Bonneau, A. Miller, J. Clark, A. Narayanan, J. A. Kroll, and E. W. Felten. Sok: Research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. In IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.14"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-16","unstructured":"J. D. Bruce. The mini-blockchain scheme (a.k.a purely p2p crypto-currency with finite mini-blockchain). http:\/\/www.bitfreak.info\/files\/pp2p-ccmbc-rev1.pdf, Jul 2014. Accessed: 2014-04-05."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-17","unstructured":"Certicom Research. SEC 2: Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters, Sept. 2000."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Chaum. Blind signatures for untraceable payments. In Advances in cryptology, pages 199--203. Springer, 1983.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0602-4_18"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Chaum. Security without identification: Transaction systems to make big brother obsolete. Communications of the ACM, 28(10):1030--1044, 1985.","DOI":"10.1145\/4372.4373"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Chaum, A. Fiat, and M. Naor. Untraceable electronic cash. In Proceedings on Advances in cryptology, pages 319--327. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1990.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-34799-2_25"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. G. Dagher, B. Bünz, J. Bonneau, J. Clark, and D. Boneh. Provisions: Privacy-preserving proofs of solvency for bitcoin exchanges. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 720--731. ACM, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813674"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Decker, J. Guthrie, J. Seidel, and R. Wattenhofer. Making bitcoin exchanges transparent. In Computer Security--ESORICS 2015, pages 561--576. Springer, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24177-7_28"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Decker and R. Wattenhofer. Information propagation in the bitcoin network. In 13th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, 2013.","DOI":"10.1109\/P2P.2013.6688704"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Eskandari, D. Barrera, E. Stobert, and J. Clark. A first look at the usability of bitcoin key management. In Workshop on Usable Security (USEC), 2015.","DOI":"10.14722\/usec.2015.23015"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-25","unstructured":"Ethereum community. Ethereum: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform - white-paper. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/White-Paper. Accessed: 2015-06--30."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. H. F. Reid. An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk, and Trust, and IEEE International Conference on Social Computing, 2011.","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.79"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-27","unstructured":"C. Fromknecht, D. Velicanu, and S. Yakoubov. A decentralized public key infrastructure with identity retention. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Oct 2014."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Garay, A. Kiayias, and N. Leonardos. The bitcoin backbone protocol: Analysis and applications. In Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2015, pages 281--310. Springer, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Gervais, H. Ritzdorf, G. O. Karame, and S. Capkun. Tampering with the delivery of blocks and transactions in bitcoin. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 692--705. ACM, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813655"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-30","unstructured":"S. Goldfeder, R. Gennaro, H. Kalodner, J. Bonneau, J. Kroll, E. W. Felten, and A. Narayanan. Securing Bitcoin wallets via a new DSA\/ECDSA threshold signature scheme. http:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/ stevenag\/threshold_sigs.pdf. Accessed: 2015-07--13."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Gutoski and D. Stebila. Hierarchical deterministic bitcoin wallets that tolerate key leakage (short paper). In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC 2015). Springer, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_31"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. f. C. M. A. Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula and I. C. Society. Computer Science Curricula 2013: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Science. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2013. 999133.","DOI":"10.1145\/2534860"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-33","unstructured":"H. Kalodner, M. Carlsten, P. Ellenbogen, J. Bonneau, and A. Narayanan. An empirical study of namecoin and lessons for decentralized namespace design. http:\/\/randomwalker.info\/publications\/namespaces.pdf, 2015."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Kumaresan, T. Moran, and I. Bentov. How to use bitcoin to play decentralized poker. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 195--206. ACM, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813712"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green, and A. D. Rubin. Zerocoin: Anonymous distributed e-cash from bitcoin. In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2013.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.34"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Miller, A. Kosba, J. Katz, and E. Shi. Nonoutsourceable scratch-off puzzles to discourage bitcoin mining coalitions. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 680--691. ACM, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813621"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-37","unstructured":"A. Miller, J. Litton, A. Pachulski, N. Gupta, D. Levin, N. Spring, and B. Bhattacharjee. Discovering bitcoin's public topology and influential nodes. http:\/\/cs.umd.edu\/projects\/coinscope\/coinscope.pdf, May 2015."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-38","unstructured":"S. Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. www.bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf, Dec 2008. Accessed: 2015-07-01."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-39","unstructured":"Namecoin community. Namecoin source code (official). https:\/\/github.com\/namecoin\/namecoin. Accessed: 2014--10--14."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-40","unstructured":"NIST. FIPS 186--4: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), July 2013."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-41","unstructured":"K. Okupski. Bitcoin protocol specification. https:\/\/github.com\/minium\/Bitcoin-Spec. Accessed: 2014--10--14."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Pass et al. Micropayments for decentralized currencies. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 207--218. ACM, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813713"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-43","unstructured":"D. Ron and A. Shamir. Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2012\/584, 2012. http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-44","unstructured":"M. Rosenfeld. Analysis of hashrate-based double spending. CoRR, abs\/1402.2009, 2014."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Ruffing, A. Kate, and D. Schröder. Liar, liar, coins on fire!: Penalizing equivocation by loss of bitcoins. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 219--230. ACM, 2015.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813686"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Ruffing, P. Moreno-Sanchez, and A. Kate. Coinshuffle: Practical decentralized coin mixing for bitcoin. In Computer Security-ESORICS 2014, pages 345--364. Springer, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11212-1_20"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2872518.2891066-47","unstructured":"Satoshi Labs. Trezor: The hardware bitcoin wallet. https:\/\/github.com\/trezor. Accessed: 2015-06--30."}],"event":{"number":"25","sponsor":["SIGWEB, ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web","IW3C2, International World Wide Web Conference Committee"],"acronym":"WWW '16 Companion","name":"the 25th International Conference Companion","start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"location":"Montréal, Québec, Canada","end":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]}},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web - WWW '16 Companion"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2872518.2891066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2891066&ftid=1707928&dwn=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:54:23Z","timestamp":1750222463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2872518.2891066"}},"subtitle":["Tutorial"],"proceedings-subject":"World Wide Web","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2872518.2891066","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}