{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:06:01Z","timestamp":1776495961974,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCAS Comput. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We live in a world of data collection where organizations and marketers know our income, our credit rating and history, our love life, race, ethnicity, religion, interests, travel history and plans, hobbies, health concerns, spending habits and millions of other data points about our private lives. This data, mined for our behaviors, habits, likes and dislikes, is referred to as the \"creep factor\" of big data [1]. It is estimated that data generated worldwide will be 1.3 zettabytes (ZB) by 2016. The rise of computational power plus cheaper and faster devices to capture, collect, store and process data, translates into the \"datafication\" of society [4]. This paper will examine a side effect of datafication: discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2874239.2874256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]],"date-time":"2016-01-07T14:04:54Z","timestamp":1452175494000},"page":"118-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Era of big data"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Andra","family":"Gumbus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Grodzinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","article-title":"How Did Data Get to Be So Big","author":"Buchta Heather","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchta , Heather ( 2014 ) How Did Data Get to Be So Big ? Inside Counsel. Breaking News . November 25, http:\/\/www.insidecounsel.com\/2014\/11\/25\/how-did-data-get-to-be-so-big Accessed 6\/1\/15. Buchta, Heather (2014) How Did Data Get to Be So Big? Inside Counsel. Breaking News. November 25, http:\/\/www.insidecounsel.com\/2014\/11\/25\/how-did-data-get-to-be-so-big Accessed 6\/1\/15.","journal-title":"Inside Counsel. Breaking News"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"MIT Technology Review (2013) http:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/view\/519851\/the-big-data-conundrum-how-to-define-it\/ Accessed October 3 2013.  MIT Technology Review (2013) http:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/view\/519851\/the-big-data-conundrum-how-to-define-it\/ Accessed October 3 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Jul\/Aug","volume":"76","author":"McGuire T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGuire , T. , Manyika , J. and Chui , M . ( 2012 )\" Why Big Data is the New Competitive Advantage\". Ivey Business Journal , Jul\/Aug , Vol. 76 Issue 4 , pp. 1 -- 4 . McGuire, T., Manyika, J. and Chui, M. (2012)\"Why Big Data is the New Competitive Advantage\". Ivey Business Journal, Jul\/Aug, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp. 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Big Data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. (2013) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","author":"Mayer-Schonberger V.","unstructured":"Mayer-Schonberger , V. and Cukier , K . Big Data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. (2013) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , Boston, NY . Mayer-Schonberger, V. and Cukier, K. Big Data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. (2013) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"April.","year":"2013","unstructured":"OECD Digital Economy Papers 222 ( 2013 ) Exploring Data-Driven Innovation as a New Sources of Growth: Mapping the Policy Issues Raised by Big Data , April. 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