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This, however, prevents the very goal of communication, unless nodes switch their radios on at synchronized intervals\u2014a rather nontrivial coordination task. In this article, we address the problem of synchronizing node radios to a single universal schedule in wireless mobile ad hoc networks that can potentially consist of thousands of nodes. More specifically, we are interested in operating the network with duty cycles that can be less than 1% of the total cycle time. We identify the fundamental issues that govern cluster merging and provide a detailed comparison of various policies using extensive simulations based on a variety of mobility patterns. We propose a specific scheme that allows a 4,000-node network to stay synchronized with a duty cycle of approximately 0.7%. Our work is based on an existing, experimental MAC protocol that we use for real-world applications and is validated in a real network of around 120 mobile nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2880223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T13:24:02Z","timestamp":1457961842000},"page":"1-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Decentralized Network-Level Synchronization in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Spyros","family":"Voulgaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VU University, The Netherlands and University of Patras, Greece"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VU University, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Van Steen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1977.1093713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Pieter Anemaet. 2008. 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Simulating wireless and mobile networks in OMNeT++ the MiXiM vision. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques for Communications Networks and Systems & Workshops. Institute for Computer Sciences Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (ICST) 71.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2008.3031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"SS-TDMA: A self-stabilizing MAC for sensor networks. In Sensor Network Operations. IEEE Press","volume":"4","author":"Kulkarni S. S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"S. S. Kulkarni and M. Arumugam . 2006 . SS-TDMA: A self-stabilizing MAC for sensor networks. In Sensor Network Operations. IEEE Press , Chapter 4 , 186 -- 218 . S. S. Kulkarni and M. Arumugam. 2006. SS-TDMA: A self-stabilizing MAC for sensor networks. In Sensor Network Operations. 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