{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:17:26Z","timestamp":1770297446757,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N000141410037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000141410037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Impact analysis not only assists developers with change planning and management, but also facilitates a range of other client analyses, such as testing and debugging. In particular, for developers working in the context of specific program executions,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dynamic<\/jats:italic>\n                    impact analysis is usually more desirable than static approaches, as it produces more manageable and relevant results with respect to those concrete executions. However, existing techniques for this analysis mostly lie on two extremes: either fast, but too imprecise, or more precise, yet overly expensive. In practice, both more cost-effective techniques and variable cost-effectiveness trade-offs are in demand to fit a variety of usage scenarios and budgets of impact analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article aims to fill the gap between these two extremes with an array of cost-effective analyses and, more broadly, to explore the cost and effectiveness dimensions in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">design space<\/jats:italic>\n                    of impact analysis. We present the development and evaluation of D\n                    <jats:sc>ia<\/jats:sc>\n                    P\n                    <jats:sc>ro<\/jats:sc>\n                    , a framework that unifies a series of impact analyses, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">three new hybrid techniques<\/jats:italic>\n                    that combine static and dynamic analyses. Harnessing both static dependencies and multiple forms of dynamic data including method-execution events, statement coverage, and dynamic points-to sets, D\n                    <jats:sc>ia<\/jats:sc>\n                    P\n                    <jats:sc>ro<\/jats:sc>\n                    prunes false-positive impacts with varying strength for variant effectiveness and overheads. The framework also facilitates an in-depth examination of the effects of various program information on the cost-effectiveness of impact analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We applied D\n                    <jats:sc>ia<\/jats:sc>\n                    P\n                    <jats:sc>ro<\/jats:sc>\n                    to ten Java applications in diverse scales and domains, evaluating it thoroughly on both arbitrary and repository-based queries from those applications. We show that the three new analyses are all significantly more effective than existing alternatives while remaining efficient, and the D\n                    <jats:sc>ia<\/jats:sc>\n                    P\n                    <jats:sc>ro<\/jats:sc>\n                    framework, as a whole, provides flexible cost-effectiveness choices for impact analysis with the best options for variable needs and budgets. Our study results also suggest that hybrid techniques tend to be much more cost-effective than purely dynamic approaches, in general, and that statement coverage has mostly stronger effects than dynamic points-to sets on the cost-effectiveness of dynamic impact analysis, while static dependencies have even stronger effects than both forms of dynamic data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2894751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T18:16:10Z","timestamp":1460052970000},"page":"1-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["D\n                    <scp>ia<\/scp>\n                    P\n                    <scp>ro<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Santelices","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dell SecureWorks, Atlanta, GA"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Thain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1985793.1985898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645542.658149"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1177220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/794202.795240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1062455.1062534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APSEC.2005.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Arnold","author":"Bohner Shawn A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shawn A. Bohner and Robert S. Arnold. 1996. An Introduction to Software Change Impact Analysis. In Software Change Impact Analysis, Shawn A. Bohner and Robert S. Arnold (Eds.). IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, DC, pp. 1--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1018431.1021456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2005.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2006.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPC.2005.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642937.2642950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS.2015.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2015.7081833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER.2015.7081862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SERE.2014.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/METRICS.2005.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Ordinal Methods for Behavioral Data Analysis","author":"Cliff Norman","unstructured":"Norman Cliff. 1996. Ordinal Methods for Behavioral Data Analysis. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1368088.1368122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-005-3861-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.988497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/24039.24041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2337223.2337274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-006-9006-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2008.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Sture Holm. 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 65--70."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/77606.77608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SERA.2007.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/336512.336545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2008.4658062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCRE.2010.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(94)00099-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.57624"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Cetus Users and Compiler Infrastructure Workshop. 1--11","author":"Lam Patrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patrick Lam, Eric Bodden, Ondrej Lhot\u00e1k, and Laurie Hendren. 2011. Soot - a Java bytecode optimization framework. In Proceedings of Cetus Users and Compiler Infrastructure Workshop. 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/951952.952366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/776816.776854"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645544.655860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645542.658159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2010.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2005.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1948.10483405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/567532.567556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/940071.940089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/998675.999453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2009.5090023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-008-9088-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593882.2593893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028976.1029012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2008.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbara G. Ryder. 2003. Dimensions of precision in reference analysis of object-oriented programming languages. In Compiler Construction. 126--137.","DOI":"10.5555\/1765931.1765945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487568.2487574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.1614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2010.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2393596.2393656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1205178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/113445.113455"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Ye","author":"Walpole Ronald E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ronald E. Walpole, Raymond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers, and Keying E. Ye. 2011. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.1985.230356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/996841.996855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2005.72"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2894751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2894751","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2894751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:18:55Z","timestamp":1763457535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2894751"}},"subtitle":["Unifying Dynamic Impact Analyses for Improved and Variable Cost-Effectiveness"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2894751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2894751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-02-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}