{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T07:45:57Z","timestamp":1789199157638,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The visual quality of a motion picture is significantly influenced by the choice of the presentation frame rate. Increasing the frame rate improves the clarity of the image and helps to alleviate many artifacts, such as blur, strobing, flicker, or judder. These benefits, however, come at the price of losing well-established film aesthetics, often referred to as the \"cinematic look\". Current technology leaves artists with a sparse set of choices, e.g., 24 Hz or 48 Hz, limiting the freedom in adjusting the frame rate to artistic needs, content, and display technology. In this paper, we solve this problem by proposing a novel filtering technique which enables emulating the whole spectrum of presentation frame rates on a single-frame-rate display. The key component of our technique is a set of simple yet powerful filters calibrated and evaluated in psychophysical experiments. By varying their parameters we can achieve an impression of continuously varying presentation frame rate in both the spatial and temporal dimensions. This allows artists to achieve the best balance between the aesthetics and the objective quality of the motion picture. Furthermore, we show how our technique, informed by cinematic guidelines, can adapt to the content and achieve this balance automatically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T16:04:33Z","timestamp":1468253073000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Emulating displays with continuously varying frame rates"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Templin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MPI Informatik"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Didyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saarland University, MMCI and MPI Informatik"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Myszkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPI Informatik"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPI Informatik"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383325"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"Brownlow K. 1980. Silent films: What was the right speed? Sight and Sound Summer 164--167.  Brownlow K. 1980. Silent films: What was the right speed? Sight and Sound Summer 164--167."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brox T. Bruhn A. Papenberg N. and \n      Weickert J\n  . \n  2004\n  . High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping. In European Conference on \n  Computer Vision (ECCV) vol. \n  3024\n   of \n  Lecture Notes in Computer Science 25--36.  Brox T. Bruhn A. Papenberg N. and Weickert J. 2004. High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) vol. 3024 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science 25--36.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24673-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344932"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"SMPTE Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Daly S."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.320110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"-C","author":"Davis J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.48.000777"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"-P","author":"Didyk P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Disney Research 2015. Lucid Dreams of Gabriel. http:\/\/www.disneyresearch.com\/luciddreamsofgabriel\/flowTime.html.  Disney Research 2015. Lucid Dreams of Gabriel . http:\/\/www.disneyresearch.com\/luciddreamsofgabriel\/flowTime.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","first-page":"M1","article-title":"LCD motion blur analysis, perception, and reduction using synchronized backlight flashing. In Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XI","volume":"6057","author":"Feng X.-F.","year":"2006","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2010.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta M. Agrawal A. Veeraraghavan A. and \n      Narasimhan S. G\n  . \n  2010\n  . Flexible voxels for motion-aware videography. In Computer Vision -- ECCV 2010 K. Daniilidis P. Maragos and N. Paragios Eds\n  . vol. \n  6311\n   of \n  Lecture Notes in Computer Science\n  . 100--114.   Gupta M. Agrawal A. Veeraraghavan A. and Narasimhan S. G. 2010. Flexible voxels for motion-aware videography. In Computer Vision -- ECCV 2010 K. Daniilidis P. Maragos and N. Paragios Eds. vol. 6311 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 100--114.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15549-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/JSID19.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"2002. American Cinematographer Manual","author":"Hummel R.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Kalloniatis M. and Luu C. 2009. Temporal resolution. http:\/\/webvision.med.utah.edu\/temporal.html.  Kalloniatis M. and Luu C. 2009. Temporal resolution. http:\/\/webvision.med.utah.edu\/temporal.html ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90027-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010325.2010330"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Quesnel D. Lantin M. Goldman A. and Arden S. 2013. An exploration into the creation of variable frame rate (VFR) stereoscopic 3D narrative productions. Emily Carr University of Art and Design. http:\/\/research.ecuad.ca\/s3dcentre\/projects\/hfr-high-frame-rate-research\/ accessed Apr 27 2015.  Quesnel D. Lantin M. Goldman A. and Arden S. 2013. An exploration into the creation of variable frame rate (VFR) stereoscopic 3D narrative productions. Emily Carr University of Art and Design. http:\/\/research.ecuad.ca\/s3dcentre\/projects\/hfr-high-frame-rate-research\/ accessed Apr 27 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141957"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"SMPTE Annual Conference Abstracts. http:\/\/edas.info\/p17109","author":"Richards D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"Salt B. 2009. Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis. Starword.  Salt B. 2009. Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis . Starword."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Hands-on Manual for Cinematographers","author":"Samuelson D.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080507880"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal video filtering and exposure control for perceptual motion blur. Visualization and Computer Graphics","volume":"21","author":"Stengel M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1394281.1394299"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Digital Cinematography: Fundamentals, Tools, Techniques, and Workflows","author":"Stump D."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.998667"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33715-4_60"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2007.01082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"Tessive 2014. Time Filter Time Shaper. http:\/\/tessive.com.  Tessive 2014. Time Filter Time Shaper. http:\/\/tessive.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"Trumbull D. H. and Jackson B. 2013. Method and apparatus for photographing and projecting moving images. US Patent US8363117 B2.  Trumbull D. H. and Jackson B. 2013. Method and apparatus for photographing and projecting moving images. US Patent US8363117 B2."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5594\/j18266XY"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-9382(95)91178-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810039"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2383894.2383905"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2897824.2925879","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2897824.2925879","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:38:46Z","timestamp":1750221526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2897824.2925879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2897824.2925879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2897824.2925879","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}