{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:16:22Z","timestamp":1774059382567,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["1451828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1451828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Specular BRDF rendering traditionally approximates surface microstructure using a smooth normal distribution, but this ignores glinty effects, easily observable in the real world. While modeling the actual surface microstructure is possible, the resulting rendering problem is prohibitively expensive. Recently, Yan et al. [2014] and Jakob et al. [2014] made progress on this problem, but their approaches are still expensive and lack full generality in their material and illumination support. We introduce an efficient and general method that can be easily integrated in a standard rendering system. We treat a specular surface as a four-dimensional\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">position-normal distribution<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and fit this distribution using millions of 4D Gaussians, which we call\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">elements.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This leads to closed-form solutions to the required BRDF evaluation and sampling queries, enabling the first practical solution to rendering specular microstructure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T12:04:33Z","timestamp":1468238673000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Position-normal distributions for efficient rendering of specular microstructure"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ling-Qi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Ha\u0161an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autodesk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Marschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Ramamoorthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815618"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141915"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508422"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276412"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Understanding the masking-shadowing function in microfacet-based BRDFs","volume":"3","author":"Heitz E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heitz, E. 2014. Understanding the masking-shadowing function in microfacet-based BRDFs. Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques (JCGT) 3, 2, 48--107.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques (JCGT)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311555"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01988.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601186"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"Jakob W. 2010. Mitsuba renderer. http:\/\/www.mitsuba-renderer.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olano M. and Baker D. 2010. Lean mapping. 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ACM I3D 2016 139--148. 10.1145\/2856400.2856409","DOI":"10.1145\/2856400.2856409"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2897824.2925915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2897824.2925915","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2897824.2925915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:27:39Z","timestamp":1763458059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2897824.2925915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2897824.2925915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2897824.2925915","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-07-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}