{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:14:17Z","timestamp":1764936857508,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-13-JS02-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-13-JS02-0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A typical crowd engine pipeline animates numerous moving characters according to a two-step process: global trajectories are generated by a crowd simulator, whereas full body motions are generated by animation engines. Because interactions are only considered at the first stage, animations sometimes lead to residual collisions and\/or characters walking as if they were alone, showing no sign to the influence of others. In this paper, we investigate the value of adding shoulder motions to characters passing at close distances on the perceived visual quality of crowd animations (i.e., perceived residual collisions and animation naturalness). We present two successive perceptual experiments exploring this question where we investigate first, local interactions between two isolated characters, and second, crowd scenarios. The first experiment shows that shoulder motions have a strong positive effect on both perceived residual collisions and animation naturalness. The second experiment demonstrates that the effect of shoulder motions on animation naturalness is preserved in the context of crowd scenarios, even though the complexity of the scene is largely increased. Our general conclusion is that adding secondary motions in character interactions has a significant impact on the visual quality of crowd animations, with a very light impact on the computational cost of the whole animation pipeline. Our results advance crowd animation techniques by enhancing the simulation of complex interactions between crowd characters with simple secondary motion triggering techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T16:04:33Z","timestamp":1468253073000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Perceptual effect of shoulder motions on crowd animations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Hoyet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria"}]},{"given":"Anne-Helene","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Rennes 2"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kulpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Rennes 2"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Pettr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1453"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778828"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.51.4282"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185586"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation, 103--111","author":"Hughes R.","unstructured":"Hughes , R. , Ond\u0159ej , J. , and Dingliana , J . 2014. Holonomic collision avoidance for virtual crowds . In Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation, 103--111 . Hughes, R., Ond\u0159ej, J., and Dingliana, J. 2014. Holonomic collision avoidance for virtual crowds. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation, 103--111.","key":"e_1_2_2_5_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes R. L. 2003. The flow of human crowds. Annual review of fluid mechanics 35 1 169--182.  Hughes R. L. 2003. The flow of human crowds. Annual review of fluid mechanics 35 1 169--182.","key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161136"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.238701"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation, 117--126","author":"Kim M.","unstructured":"Kim , M. , Hwang , Y. , Hyun , K. , and Lee , J . 2012. Tiling motion patches . In Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation, 117--126 . Kim, M., Hwang, Y., Hyun, K., and Lee, J. 2012. Tiling motion patches. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation, 117--126.","key":"e_1_2_2_8_1"},{"unstructured":"Korhonen T. Heli\u00f6vaara S. Ehtamo H. and Hostikka S. 2009. Collision avoidance and shoulder rotation in pedestrian modeling. Tech. rep. Aalto University.  Korhonen T. Heli\u00f6vaara S. Ehtamo H. and Hostikka S. 2009. Collision avoidance and shoulder rotation in pedestrian modeling. Tech. rep. Aalto University.","key":"e_1_2_2_9_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2070781.2024172"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1073368.1073373"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566607"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.129"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360625"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1462048.1462051"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778860"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1577755.1577758"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37406"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","DOI":"10.1109\/38.708559"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409067"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.403"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1592"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","article-title":"Torso crowds","author":"St\u00fcvel","year":"2016","unstructured":"St\u00fcvel , Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann , D. , van der Stappen , A. , and Egges , A. 2016 . Torso crowds . IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 99. St\u00fcvel, Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D., van der Stappen, A., and Egges, A. 2016. Torso crowds. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 99.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 99."},{"volume-title":"Crowd simulation","author":"Thalmann D.","unstructured":"Thalmann , D. 2007. Crowd simulation . Wiley Online Library . Thalmann, D. 2007. Crowd simulation. Wiley Online Library.","key":"e_1_2_2_24_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1142008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276386"},{"volume-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation","author":"van den Berg J.","unstructured":"van den Berg , J. , Lin , M. , and Manocha , D . 2008. Reciprocal velocity obstacles for real-time multi-agent navigation . In IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation , 1928--1935. van den Berg, J., Lin, M., and Manocha, D. 2008. Reciprocal velocity obstacles for real-time multi-agent navigation. In IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1928--1935.","key":"e_1_2_2_27_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1640443.1640448"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2897824.2925931","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2897824.2925931","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:55:04Z","timestamp":1750222504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2897824.2925931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2897824.2925931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2897824.2925931","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0730-0301"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7368"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}