{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:53:35Z","timestamp":1777074815844,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,27]],"date-time":"2017-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1558516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1558516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the increasing complexity of modern electronics and the cost of fabrication, entities from around the globe have become more heavily involved in all phases of the electronics supply chain. In this environment, hardware Trojans (i.e., malicious modifications or inclusions made by untrusted third parties) pose major security concerns, especially for those integrated circuits (ICs) and systems used in critical applications and cyber infrastructure. While hardware Trojans have been explored significantly in academia over the last decade, there remains room for improvement. In this article, we examine the research on hardware Trojans from the last decade and attempt to capture the lessons learned. A comprehensive adversarial model taxonomy is introduced and used to examine the current state of the art. Then the past countermeasures and publication trends are categorized based on the adversarial model and topic. Through this analysis, we identify what has been covered and the important problems that are underinvestigated. We also identify the most critical lessons for those new to the field and suggest a roadmap for future hardware Trojan research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2906147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T08:15:09Z","timestamp":1464682509000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":373,"title":["Hardware Trojans"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE Department, University of Connecticut"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE Department, University of Florida"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EECS Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Karri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE Department, Polytechnic Institute of New York University"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bhunia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE Department, University of Florida"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tehranipoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECE Department, University of Florida"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2061228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2008.4505310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSI.Design.2009.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED.2014.6783305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2010.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2492708.2492958"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2334493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATS.2014.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2009.5224959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Cadence. 2011. 3D ICs with TSVs - design challenges and requirements. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.europractice.stfc.ac.uk\/vendors\/cadence_3DIC_wp.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2013.6572020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATS.2012.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATS.2014.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1687399.1687424"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04138-9_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"A. Chidley. 2014. Use COTS parts to cut costs in military and aerospace systems. Electronic Design Magazine Retrieved from http:\/\/electronicdesign.com\/components\/use-cots-parts-cut-costs-military-and-aerospace-systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2005. Defense agencies meet readiness challenges with commercial off the shelf (COTS)-based systems. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en_us\/solutions\/industries\/docs\/gov\/space_COTS_v2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593069.2602554"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"DIGITIMES. 2012. Trends in the global IC design service market. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.digitimes.com\/ news\/a20120313RS400.html?chid&equals;2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETS.2013.6569378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2638555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2561828.2561931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2015.7282148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201915)","author":"Herr W.","year":"2015","unstructured":"W. Herr. 2015. Keynote talk: Is it safe? In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST\u201915)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2010.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2013.6658536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"IARPA. 2011. Trusted integrated circuits (TIC) program announcement. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fbo.gov."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2534766.2534809"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2014.6855560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2008.4559049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2492708.2492949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2616606.2616718"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2010.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 4th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON\u201912)","author":"Koch R.","unstructured":"R. Koch and G. D. Rodosek. 2012. The role of COTS products for high security systems. In Proceedings of the 2012 4th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON\u201912). 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2008.4559038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2012.6224325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1687399.1687425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2616606.2616904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2014.2348182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593069.2593147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2011.5954988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOLTS.2010.5560200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2011.5954999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2012.2210183"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2755753.2755859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTS.2011.5783766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744823"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOLTS.2013.6604087"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DTIS.2014.6850660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2014.6865092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom.2011.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2561828.2561985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2008.4484823"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2164908"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2013.6653605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD.2013.6657085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2010.2093547"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AHS.2010.5546257"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2014.6855562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Tehranipoor and C. Wang. 2012. Introduction to Hardware Security and Trust. Springer. 10.1007\/978-1-4419-8080-9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8080-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2013.2287186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2014.6855559"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2012.2227257"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2008.4559039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2691365.2691419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2015.7140229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2013.6581564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2013.2249555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2808414.2808420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2011.5954998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2011.5763260"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTS.2013.6548922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656075.2656077"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2906147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2906147","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2906147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:18:13Z","timestamp":1763457493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2906147"}},"subtitle":["Lessons Learned after One Decade of Research"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2906147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2906147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-4309","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-03-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}