{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:14:16Z","timestamp":1764936856922,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020 European project ARIA-VALUSPA"},{"name":"VERVE","award":["EC FP7 (FP7\/2007-2013)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC FP7 (FP7\/2007-2013)"]}]},{"name":"French state funds and managed by the ANR"},{"name":"Labex SMART (ANR-11-LABX-65) \u201cInvestissements d\u2019Avenir\u201d program","award":["ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the everyday world people form small conversing groups where social interaction takes place, and much of the social behavior takes place through managing interpersonal space (i.e., proxemics) and group formation, signaling their attentio to others (i.e., through gaze behavior), and expressing certain attitudes, for example, friendliness, by smiling, getting close through increased engagement and intimacy, and welcoming newcomers. Many real-time interactive systems feature virtual anthropomorphic characters in order to simulate conversing groups and add plausibility and believability to the simulated environments. However, only a few have dealt with autonomous behavior generation, and in those cases, the agents\u2019 exhibited behavior should be evaluated by users in terms of appropriateness, believability, and conveyed meaning (e.g., attitudes). In this article we present an integrated intelligent interactive system for generating believable nonverbal behavior exhibited by virtual agents in small simulated group conversations. The produced behavior supports group formation management and the expression of interpersonal attitudes (friendly vs. unfriendly) both among the agents in the group (i.e., in-group attitude) and towards an approaching user in an avatar-based interaction (out-group attitude). A user study investigating the effects of these attitudes on users\u2019 social presence evaluation and proxemics behavior (with their avatar) in a three-dimensional virtual city environment is presented. We divided the study into two trials according to the task assigned to users, that is, joining a conversing group and reaching a target destination behind the group. Results showed that the out-group attitude had a major impact on social presence evaluations in both trials, whereby friendly groups were perceived as more socially rich. The user\u2019s proxemics behavior depended on both out-group and in-group attitudes expressed by the agents. Implications of these results for the design and implementation of similar intelligent interactive systems for the autonomous generation of agents\u2019 multimodal behavior are briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2914796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T15:13:24Z","timestamp":1469114004000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Effects of Interpersonal Attitude of a Group of Agents on User\u2019s Presence and Proxemics Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Cafaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LTCI, CNRS, T\u00e9l\u00e9com ParisTech, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Ravenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LTCI, CNRS, T\u00e9l\u00e9com ParisTech, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, LSIS, DiMag, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannes H\u00f6gni","family":"Vilhj\u00e1lmsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reykjavik University, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pelachaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LTCI, CNRS, T\u00e9l\u00e9com ParisTech, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Bodily Communication","author":"Argyle Michael","unstructured":"Michael Argyle . 1988. Bodily Communication ( 2 nd ed.). Methuen , New York . 363 pages. Michael Argyle. 1988. Bodily Communication (2nd ed.). Methuen, New York. 363 pages.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420010307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Forming parasocial relationships in online communities","volume":"32","author":"Ballantine Paul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paul Ballantine and Brett Martin . 2005 . Forming parasocial relationships in online communities . Adv. Consumer Res. 32 (2005), 197 . Paul Ballantine and Brett Martin. 2005. Forming parasocial relationships in online communities. Adv. Consumer Res. 32 (2005), 197.","journal-title":"Adv. Consumer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"First European Conference on Visual Media Production IEEE. 203--210","author":"Ballin Daniel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daniel Ballin , Marco Gillies , and Barry Crabtree . 2004 . A framework for interpersonal attitude and non-verbal communication in improvisational visual media production . In First European Conference on Visual Media Production IEEE. 203--210 . Daniel Ballin, Marco Gillies, and Barry Crabtree. 2004. A framework for interpersonal attitude and non-verbal communication in improvisational visual media production. In First European Conference on Visual Media Production IEEE. 203--210."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2133366.2133368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Game Developers Conference","author":"Bernard S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"S. Bernard , J. Therien , C. Malone , S. Beeson , A. Gubman , and R. Pardo 2008 . Taming the mob: Creating believable crowds in assassin\u2019s creed. In Presented at Game Developers Conference ( San Francisco, CA, Feb 18-22). S. Bernard, J. Therien, C. Malone, S. Beeson, A. Gubman, and R. Pardo 2008. Taming the mob: Creating believable crowds in assassin\u2019s creed. In Presented at Game Developers Conference (San Francisco, CA, Feb 18-22)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1889075.1889099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7033.770"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2391862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759909376467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758409390195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. IFAAMAS, 1201--1202","author":"Cafaro Angelo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angelo Cafaro , Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson , Timothy W. Bickmore , Dirk Heylen , and Daniel Schulman . 2013 . First impressions in user-agent encounters: The impact of an agent\u2019s nonverbal behavior on users\u2019 relational decisions . In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. IFAAMAS, 1201--1202 . Angelo Cafaro, Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Timothy W. Bickmore, Dirk Heylen, and Daniel Schulman. 2013. First impressions in user-agent encounters: The impact of an agent\u2019s nonverbal behavior on users\u2019 relational decisions. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. IFAAMAS, 1201--1202."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33197-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.)","author":"Chollet Mathieu","unstructured":"Mathieu Chollet , Magalie Ochs , and Catherine Pelachaud . 2014. From non-verbal signals sequence mining to Bayesian networks for interpersonal attitudes expression . In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 8637 . Springer , Berlin , 120--133. Mathieu Chollet, Magalie Ochs, and Catherine Pelachaud. 2014. From non-verbal signals sequence mining to Bayesian networks for interpersonal attitudes expression. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8637. Springer, Berlin, 120--133."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"679","article-title":"Transformation to normality of the null distribution of g1","volume":"57","author":"D\u2019Agostino Ralph B.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ralph B. D\u2019Agostino . 1970 . Transformation to normality of the null distribution of g1 . Biometrika 57 , 3 (1970), 679 -- 681 . Ralph B. D\u2019Agostino. 1970. Transformation to normality of the null distribution of g1. Biometrika 57, 3 (1970), 679--681.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-012-9218-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74997-4_23"},{"volume-title":"The Hidden Dimension","author":"Hall Edward T.","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Edward T. Hall . 1966. The Hidden Dimension . Doubleday . Edward T. Hall. 1966. The Hidden Dimension. Doubleday."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems. 121","author":"Hayashi Kotaro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotaro Hayashi , Masahiro Shiomi , Takayuki Kanda , Norihiro Hagita , and ATR Intelligent Robotics . 2012 . Friendly patrolling: A model of natural encounters . In Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems. 121 . Kotaro Hayashi, Masahiro Shiomi, Takayuki Kanda, Norihiro Hagita, and ATR Intelligent Robotics. 2012. Friendly patrolling: A model of natural encounters. In Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems. 121."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.51.4282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85483-8_28"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing (EmbodiedNLP\u201907)","author":"Jan Du\u0161an","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Du\u0161an Jan and David R. Traum . 2007. Dynamic movement and positioning of embodied agents in multiparty conversations . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing (EmbodiedNLP\u201907) . Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, 59--66. Du\u0161an Jan and David R. Traum. 2007. Dynamic movement and positioning of embodied agents in multiparty conversations. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Language Processing (EmbodiedNLP\u201907). Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, 59--66."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2499474.2499481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(67)90005-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics)","author":"Kendon Adam","year":"1990","unstructured":"Adam Kendon . 1990 . Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Adam Kendon. 1990. Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957824"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-011-0087-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1950.52.2.02a00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11821830_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2013.12.003"},{"volume-title":"Character-Driven Game Design: A Design Approach and Its Foundations in Character Engagement","author":"Lankoski Petri","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Petri Lankoski . 2010. Character-Driven Game Design: A Design Approach and Its Foundations in Character Engagement . Vol. 101 . Taik Books . Petri Lankoski. 2010. Character-Driven Game Design: A Design Approach and Its Foundations in Character Engagement. Vol. 101. Taik Books."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Stefan Kopp, Stacy Marsella, and Kristinn R","author":"Lee Jina","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Jina Lee and Stacy Marsella . 2011. Modeling side participants and bystanders: The importance of being a laugh track . In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Stefan Kopp, Stacy Marsella, and Kristinn R . Th\u00f3risson (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6895 . Springer , Berlin, 240--247. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/ 10.1007\/978-3-642-23974-8_26 10.1007\/978-3-642-23974-8_26 Jina Lee and Stacy Marsella. 2011. Modeling side participants and bystanders: The importance of being a laugh track. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Stefan Kopp, Stacy Marsella, and Kristinn R. Th\u00f3risson (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6895. Springer, Berlin, 240--247. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/ 10.1007\/978-3-642-23974-8_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1857893.1857896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"2011 Annual conference of the International Society for Presence Research (ISPR) (ISPR","author":"Lombard Matthew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matthew Lombard , Lisa Weinstein , and Theresa Ditton . 2011 . Measuring telepresence: The validity of the temple presence inventory (TPI) in a gaming context . In 2011 Annual conference of the International Society for Presence Research (ISPR) (ISPR 2011). 9. Matthew Lombard, Lisa Weinstein, and Theresa Ditton. 2011. Measuring telepresence: The validity of the temple presence inventory (TPI) in a gaming context. In 2011 Annual conference of the International Society for Presence Research (ISPR) (ISPR 2011). 9."},{"volume-title":"Twelfth International Workshop on Presence.","author":"Lombard T.","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"T. Lombard , M. Ditton , and L. Weinstein . 2009. Measuring telepresence: The temple presence inventory . In Twelfth International Workshop on Presence. T. Lombard, M. Ditton, and L. Weinstein. 2009. Measuring telepresence: The temple presence inventory. In Twelfth International Workshop on Presence."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"David McNeill. 1992. Hand and Mind. University of Chicago Press Chicago IL.  David McNeill. 1992. Hand and Mind. University of Chicago Press Chicago IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0189-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208096"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes","author":"Mehrabian Albert","year":"1981","unstructured":"Albert Mehrabian . 1981 . Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes . Wadsworth Publishing Company . Albert Mehrabian. 1981. Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes. Wadsworth Publishing Company."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070719.2070725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3227205.3227294"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668064.2668103"},{"volume-title":"Communication in the age of virtual reality","author":"Palmer Mark T.","key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Mark T. Palmer . 1995. Communication in the age of virtual reality . L. Erlbaum Associates Inc ., Hillsdale, NJ, USA, Chapter Interpersonal Communication and Virtual Reality: Mediating Interpersonal Relationships, 277--299. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;207922.207932 Mark T. Palmer. 1995. Communication in the age of virtual reality. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA, Chapter Interpersonal Communication and Virtual Reality: Mediating Interpersonal Relationships, 277--299. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;207922.207932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Workshop on Architectures and Standards for IVAs, Held at the \u201914th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2014)","author":"Pecune Florian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Florian Pecune , Angelo Cafaro , Mathieu Chollet , Pierre Philippe , and Catherine Pelachaud . 2014 . Suggestions for extending SAIBA with the VIB platform . In Workshop on Architectures and Standards for IVAs, Held at the \u201914th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2014) \u2019. Bielefeld eCollections, 16--20. Florian Pecune, Angelo Cafaro, Mathieu Chollet, Pierre Philippe, and Catherine Pelachaud. 2014. Suggestions for extending SAIBA with the VIB platform. In Workshop on Architectures and Standards for IVAs, Held at the \u201914th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2014)\u2019. Bielefeld eCollections, 16--20."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2010.492165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, and Marta L\u00e1rusd\u00f3ttir","author":"Pedica Claudio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Claudio Pedica , Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, and Marta L\u00e1rusd\u00f3ttir . 2010 . Avatars in conversation: The importance of simulating territorial behavior. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Jan Allbeck, Norman Badler, Timothy Bickmore, Catherine Pelachaud, and Alla Safonova (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6356 . Springer , Berlin, 336--342. Claudio Pedica, Hannes H\u00f6gni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, and Marta L\u00e1rusd\u00f3ttir. 2010. Avatars in conversation: The importance of simulating territorial behavior. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Jan Allbeck, Norman Badler, Timothy Bickmore, Catherine Pelachaud, and Alla Safonova (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6356. Springer, Berlin, 336--342."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342896.2342938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1082473.1082479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Willem-Paul Brinkman, Joost Broekens, and Dirk Heylen (Eds.)","author":"Ravenet Brian","unstructured":"Brian Ravenet , Angelo Cafaro , Beatrice Biancardi , Magalie Ochs , and Catherine Pelachaud . 2015. Conversational behavior reflecting interpersonal attitudes in small group interactions . In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Willem-Paul Brinkman, Joost Broekens, and Dirk Heylen (Eds.) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 9238 . Springer , Berlin , 375--388. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-21996-7_41 10.1007\/978-3-319-21996-7_41 Brian Ravenet, Angelo Cafaro, Beatrice Biancardi, Magalie Ochs, and Catherine Pelachaud. 2015. Conversational behavior reflecting interpersonal attitudes in small group interactions. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Willem-Paul Brinkman, Joost Broekens, and Dirk Heylen (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 9238. Springer, Berlin, 375--388. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-21996-7_41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.)","author":"Ravenet Brian","unstructured":"Brian Ravenet , Angelo Cafaro , Magalie Ochs , and Catherine Pelachaud . 2014. Interpersonal attitude of a speaking agent in simulated group conversations . In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 8637 . Springer , Berlin , 345--349. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-09767-1_45 10.1007\/978-3-319-09767-1_45 Brian Ravenet, Angelo Cafaro, Magalie Ochs, and Catherine Pelachaud. 2014. Interpersonal attitude of a speaking agent in simulated group conversations. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8637. Springer, Berlin, 345--349. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-09767-1_45"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Ruth Aylett, Brigitte Krenn, Catherine Pelachaud, and Hiroshi Shimodaira (Eds.)","author":"Ravenet Brian","unstructured":"Brian Ravenet , Magalie Ochs , and Catherine Pelachaud . 2013. From a user-created corpus of virtual agent\u2019s non-verbal behavior to a computational model of interpersonal attitudes . In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Ruth Aylett, Brigitte Krenn, Catherine Pelachaud, and Hiroshi Shimodaira (Eds.) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 8108 . Springer , Berlin , 263--274. Brian Ravenet, Magalie Ochs, and Catherine Pelachaud. 2013. From a user-created corpus of virtual agent\u2019s non-verbal behavior to a computational model of interpersonal attitudes. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Ruth Aylett, Brigitte Krenn, Catherine Pelachaud, and Hiroshi Shimodaira (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8108. Springer, Berlin, 263--274."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-009-0191-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference. Miller Freeman Game Groups","author":"Reynolds Craig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Craig Reynolds . 1999 . Steering behaviors for autonomous characters . In Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference. Miller Freeman Game Groups , San Francisco, CA, 763--782. Craig Reynolds. 1999. Steering behaviors for autonomous characters. In Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference. Miller Freeman Game Groups, San Francisco, CA, 763--782."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication in Interpersonal Relations","author":"Richmond Virginia","unstructured":"Virginia Richmond , James McCroskey , and Mark Hickson . 2008. Nonverbal Communication in Interpersonal Relations ( 6 th ed. ed.). Allyn & Bacon , London . Virginia Richmond, James McCroskey, and Mark Hickson. 2008. Nonverbal Communication in Interpersonal Relations (6th ed. ed.). Allyn & Bacon, London.","edition":"6"},{"volume-title":"Human Territories: How we Behave in Space and Time","author":"Scheflen A. E.","key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"A. E. Scheflen . 1976. Human Territories: How we Behave in Space and Time . Prentice-Hall , New York, NY . A. E. Scheflen. 1976. Human Territories: How we Behave in Space and Time. Prentice-Hall, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour. Holt, Rinehart and Winston","author":"Schutz W. C.","year":"1958","unstructured":"W. C. Schutz . 1958 . FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour. Holt, Rinehart and Winston , New York, NY . 267 pages. W. C. Schutz. 1958. FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY. 267 pages."},{"volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Telecommunications","author":"Short John","key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"John Short , Ederyn Williams , and Bruce Christie . 1976. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications . John Wiley & Sons Ltd ., New York, NY. John Short, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie. 1976. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566600"},{"volume-title":"Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition","author":"Smith-Lovin Lynn","key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Lynn Smith-Lovin and Charles Brody . 2009. Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition . SAGE Publications Ltd ., London, 424--435. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/ 9781446262269 Lynn Smith-Lovin and Charles Brody. 2009. Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition. SAGE Publications Ltd., London, 424--435. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4135\/ 9781446262269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 DiGRA International Conference: Think Design Play. DiGRA\/Utrecht School of the Arts.","author":"Szymanezyk Olivier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olivier Szymanezyk , Patrick Dickinson , and Tom Duckett . 2011 . From individual characters to large crowds: Augmenting the believability of open-world games through exploring social emotion in pedestrian groups . In Proceedings of the 2011 DiGRA International Conference: Think Design Play. DiGRA\/Utrecht School of the Arts. Olivier Szymanezyk, Patrick Dickinson, and Tom Duckett. 2011. From individual characters to large crowds: Augmenting the believability of open-world games through exploring social emotion in pedestrian groups. In Proceedings of the 2011 DiGRA International Conference: Think Design Play. DiGRA\/Utrecht School of the Arts."},{"volume-title":"Social and Personal Effects of a Preoccupied Listener","author":"Tatar D. G.","key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"D. G. Tatar . 1997. Social and Personal Effects of a Preoccupied Listener . Stanford University . D. G. Tatar. 1997. Social and Personal Effects of a Preoccupied Listener. Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. 394--399","author":"Vroon J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"J. Vroon , M. Joosse , M. Lohse , J. Kolkmeier , Jaebok Kim , K. Truong , G. Englebienne , D. Heylen , and V. Evers . 2015. Dynamics of social positioning patterns in group-robot interactions . In 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. 394--399 . DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ ROMAN. 2015 .7333633 J. Vroon, M. Joosse, M. Lohse, J. Kolkmeier, Jaebok Kim, K. Truong, G. Englebienne, D. Heylen, and V. Evers. 2015. Dynamics of social positioning patterns in group-robot interactions. In 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. 394--399. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ ROMAN.2015.7333633"},{"volume-title":"Our Sweetest Hours: Recreation and the Mental State of Absorption","author":"Walker G. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"G. J. Walker . 1998. Our Sweetest Hours: Recreation and the Mental State of Absorption . Taylor & Francis , London . G. J. Walker. 1998. Our Sweetest Hours: Recreation and the Mental State of Absorption. Taylor & Francis, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"6th Meeting. 567--578","author":"Yngve Victor H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Victor H. Yngve . 1970 . On getting a word in edgewise. In Chicago Linguistics Society , 6th Meeting. 567--578 . Victor H. Yngve. 1970. On getting a word in edgewise. In Chicago Linguistics Society, 6th Meeting. 567--578."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2914796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2914796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T19:04:56Z","timestamp":1750273496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2914796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2914796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2914796","relation":{},"ISSN":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2160-6455"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2160-6463"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-07-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}