{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T09:31:17Z","timestamp":1769851877313,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The traditional\n            <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n            -out-of-\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            Visual Cryptography (VC) scheme is the conception of \u201call or nothing\u201d for\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            participants to share a secret image. The original secret image can be visually revealed only when a subset of\n            <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n            or more shares are superimposed together, but if the number of stacked shares are less than\n            <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n            , nothing will be revealed. On the other hand, a Progressive Visual Cryptography (PVC) scheme differs from the traditional VC with respect to decoding. In PVC, clarity and contrast of the decoded secret image will be increased progressively with the number of stacked shares. Much of the existing state-of-the-art research on PVC has problems with pixel expansion and random pattern of the shares. In this article, a novel scheme of progressive visual cryptography with four or more number of unexpanded as well as meaningful shares has been proposed. For this, a novel and efficient Candidate Block Replacement preprocessing approach and a basis matrix creation algorithm have also been introduced. The proposed method also eliminates many unnecessary encryption constraints like a predefined codebook for encoding and decoding the secret image, restriction on the number of participants, and so on. From the experiments, it is observed that the reconstruction probability of black pixels in the decoded image corresponding to the black pixel in the secret image is always 1, whereas that of white pixels is 0.5 irrespective of the meaningful contents visible in the shares, thus ensuring the value of contrast to alwasys be 50%. Therefore, a reconstructed image can be easily identified by a human visual system without any computation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2935618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1472214339000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Progressive Visual Cryptography with Unexpanded Meaningful Shares"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shivendra","family":"Shivani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suneeta","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"26th Annual IEEE Canadian Conference onElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)","author":"Askari N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"N. Askari , H. M. Heys , and C. R. Moloney . 2013. An extended visual cryptography scheme without pixel expansion for halftone images . In 26th Annual IEEE Canadian Conference onElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE) , 2013 . 1--6. N. Askari, H. M. Heys, and C. R. Moloney. 2013. An extended visual cryptography scheme without pixel expansion for halftone images. In 26th Annual IEEE Canadian Conference onElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2013. 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/inco.1996.0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(99)00127-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1364592.1364611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2007.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1054661806040080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Au","author":"Fu Ming Sun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ming Sun Fu and Oscar C . Au . 2004 . Joint visual cryptography and watermarking. In ICME (2005-12-20). IEEE , 975--978. Ming Sun Fu and Oscar C. Au. 2004. Joint visual cryptography and watermarking. In ICME (2005-12-20). IEEE, 975--978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00258-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2011.2106291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Random-grid-based visual cryptography schemes","volume":"24","author":"Hou Young-Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Young-Chang Hou , Shih-Chieh Wei , and Chia-Yin Lin . 2014 . Random-grid-based visual cryptography schemes . IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Technol. 24 , 5 (May 2014), 733--744. Young-Chang Hou, Shih-Chieh Wei, and Chia-Yin Lin. 2014. Random-grid-based visual cryptography schemes. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Technol. 24, 5 (May 2014), 733--744.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1993625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"D. L. Lau and G. R. Arce. 2008. Modern Digital Halftoning (2 ed.). CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group Boca Raton FL USA.   D. L. Lau and G. R. Arce. 2008. Modern Digital Halftoning (2 ed.). CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group Boca Raton FL USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2003.821748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Extended visual cryptography for natural images","volume":"10","author":"Nakajima Mizuho","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mizuho Nakajima and Yasushi Yamaguchi . 2002 . Extended visual cryptography for natural images . J. WSCG 10 , 2 (2002), 303 -- 310 . Mizuho Nakajima and Yasushi Yamaguchi. 2002. Extended visual cryptography for natural images. J. WSCG 10, 2 (2002), 303--310.","journal-title":"J. WSCG"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Visual authentication and identification","author":"Naor Moni","unstructured":"Moni Naor and Benny Pinkas . 1997. Visual authentication and identification . In Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Springer-Verlag , 322--336. Moni Naor and Benny Pinkas. 1997. Visual authentication and identification. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, 322--336."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Naor and A. Shamir. 1995. Visual cryptography. 950 (1995) 112.  M. Naor and A. Shamir. 1995. Visual cryptography. 950 (1995) 112.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0053419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(02)00131-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2024721"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2344436.2344438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Circuits and Systems, 2004. ISCAS\u201904. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on","volume":"5","author":"Yan Wei-Qi","unstructured":"Wei-Qi Yan , Duo Jin , and M. S. Kankanhalli . 2004. Visual cryptography for print and scan applications . In Circuits and Systems, 2004. ISCAS\u201904. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on , Vol. 5 . V--572--V--575 Vol.5. Wei-Qi Yan, Duo Jin, and M. S. Kankanhalli. 2004. Visual cryptography for print and scan applications. In Circuits and Systems, 2004. ISCAS\u201904. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on, Vol. 5. V--572--V--575 Vol.5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1259587.1259810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.875249"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2935618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2935618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:39:55Z","timestamp":1750217995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2935618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2935618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2935618","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6857","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}