{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:22:11Z","timestamp":1775697731261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Widget Corporation","award":["#312-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An author's literary style is influenced by the cultural time period in which the author lives. The author's ideas, and the words chosen to express them, can help identify the cultural time period that most influenced the author.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            Ideas are expressed in language through sequences of words called\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -grams. Over the past several years, Google has been engaged in digitizing millions of books. As part of this endeavor, Google has created a database of\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -grams extracted from these digitized books and has made the database available to researchers online. This is the first time ever that such an extensive repository of cultural data has been made available.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            This study develops and tests an original method for utilizing Google's database to identify the cultural time period that most influenced the author of a published work. Several undisputed literary works are examined, from which sets of\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -grams are extracted and compared against the Google database. The frequency and distribution of\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            -gram matches allow us to determine the cultural time period that most influenced the author. The method is also tested against several literary works having uncertain or disputed authorship and period of composition.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            The results suggest that the method developed provides a reasonable approximation of the time period of greatest cultural influence for each book. Unexpectedly, the results tend to support conclusions reached by another researcher with regard to prior literary influences on the\n            <jats:italic>Ern Malley Poems<\/jats:italic>\n            . In addition, they lend support to early 19\n            <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n            -century origins for authorship of\n            <jats:italic>Book of Mormon<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2940332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T12:49:04Z","timestamp":1478263744000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Using\n            <i>n<\/i>\n            -Grams to Identify Time Periods of Cultural Influence"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East Carolina University, Greenville, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasseh","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Carolina University, Greenville, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"7163","article-title":"Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language","volume":"449","author":"Aiden Erez Lieberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"it turns out, has a French cousin. The Australian (October 1","author":"Anderson Don","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Pride and Prejudice: A Novel. T. Egerton","author":"Austen Jane"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Jane Austen. 2010. Pride and Prejudice: An Annotated Edition Patricia Meyer Spacks (Ed.). Harvard 3--4.  Jane Austen. 2010. Pride and Prejudice: An Annotated Edition Patricia Meyer Spacks (Ed.). Harvard 3--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.331.6014.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith","author":"Brodie Fawn M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"The Sons of Clovis: Ern Malley, Adore Floupette and a Secret History of Australian Poetry","author":"Brooks David"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Oscar James Campbell and Edward G. Quinn eds. 1966. The Reader's Encyclopedia of Shakespeare. Thomas Y. Crowell Company New York NY 386--387.  Oscar James Campbell and Edward G. 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Barker","author":"Ireland William Henry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Containing the Particulars of his Fabrication of the Shakespeare Manuscripts","author":"Ireland William Henry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"and George Burnham Ives, trans","author":"Jessup Alexander","year":"1903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Joyce Crick, trans","author":"Kafka Franz"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"The Metamorphosis","author":"Kafka Franz"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Reforging Shakespeare: The Story of a Theatrical Scandal","author":"Kahan Jeffrey","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Shakespeare and the forging of belief","volume":"32","author":"Kahan Jeffrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Quart."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Irish","volume":"2","author":"Macalister R. A. S.","year":"1941","journal-title":"Hist. 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