{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:12:24Z","timestamp":1750306344067,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2015AA015304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015AA015304"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"111 Project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B12018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSF of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["60703106, 61170121, and 61202312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60703106, 61170121, and 61202312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","award":["15ZR1410000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15ZR1410000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High-quality optical flow computation algorithms are computationally intensive. The low computational speed of such algorithms causes difficulties for real-world applications. In this article, we propose an optimized implementation of the classical Combine-Brightness-Gradient (CBG) model on the Xilinx ZYNQ FPGA-SoC, by taking advantage of the inherent algorithmic parallelism and ZYNQ architecture. The execution time decreases to 0.82 second with a lower power consumption (1.881W). It is better than software implementation on PC (Intel i7-3520M, 2.9GHz), which costs 2.635 seconds and 35W. We use C rather than HDLs to describe the algorithm for rapid prototyping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2948976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1472214339000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Implementing Dense Optical Flow Computation on a Heterogeneous FPGA SoC in C"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiuzhen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhilei","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2015","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Altera. 2015 . Altera SoCs: When architecture matters . Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.altera.com\/ devices\/processor\/soc-fpga\/overview\/proc-soc-fpga.html. Altera. 2015. Altera SoCs: When architecture matters. Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.altera.com\/ devices\/processor\/soc-fpga\/overview\/proc-soc-fpga.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-005-6206-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Microtechnologies for the New Millennium","author":"Arribas Pedro Cobos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pedro Cobos Arribas and Felix Monasterio Huelin Macia . 2003. FPGA implementation of Santos-Victor optical flow algorithm for real-time image processing: An useful attempt . In Microtechnologies for the New Millennium 2003 . International Society for Optics and Photonics , 23--32. Pedro Cobos Arribas and Felix Monasterio Huelin Macia. 2003. FPGA implementation of Santos-Victor optical flow algorithm for real-time image processing: An useful attempt. In Microtechnologies for the New Millennium 2003. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 23--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2012.6292451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0390-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01420984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Technology Berkeley Design","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berkeley Design Technology , Inc. 1994 . An independent evaluation of: The AutoESL AutoPilot high-level synthesis tool . Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.bdti.com\/MyBDTI\/pubs\/AutoPilot.pdf. Berkeley Design Technology, Inc. 1994. An independent evaluation of: The AutoESL AutoPilot high-level synthesis tool. Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.bdti.com\/MyBDTI\/pubs\/AutoPilot.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1996.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/540159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Computer Vision-ECCV","author":"Brox Thomas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thomas Brox , Andr\u00e9s Bruhn , Nils Papenberg , and Joachim Weickert . 2004. High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping . In Computer Vision-ECCV 2004 . Springer , 25--36. Thomas Brox, Andr\u00e9s Bruhn, Nils Papenberg, and Joachim Weickert. 2004. High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping. In Computer Vision-ECCV 2004. Springer, 25--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2005.240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2005.846018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1028916.1035417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ReConFig.2011.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-013-9923-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2010.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8191(84)90380-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145694.2145704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-009-0132-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2011.2163435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2012.6385530"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the1981 Technical Symposium East. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 319--331","author":"Berthold","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Berthold K. Horn and Brian G. Schunck. 1981. Determining optical flow . In Proceedings of the1981 Technical Symposium East. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 319--331 . Berthold K. Horn and Brian G. Schunck. 1981. Determining optical flow. In Proceedings of the1981 Technical Symposium East. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 319--331."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2014.6927406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2012.6385514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"81","author":"Lucas Bruce D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bruce D. Lucas , Takeo Kanade , and others. 1981 . An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision . In Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 81 . 674--679. Bruce D. Lucas, Takeo Kanade, and others. 1981. An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision. In Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 81. 674--679."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.10.002"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2015","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Middlebury. 2015 . Datasets of Middlebury . Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/vision.middlebury.edu\/ flow\/data\/. Middlebury. 2015. Datasets of Middlebury. Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/vision.middlebury.edu\/ flow\/data\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1304599.1305094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2203745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAS.2012.6306121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Computer Vision--ECCV","author":"Sundaram Narayanan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narayanan Sundaram , Thomas Brox , and Kurt Keutzer . 2010. Dense point trajectories by GPU-accelerated large displacement optical flow . In Computer Vision--ECCV 2010 . Springer , 438--451. Narayanan Sundaram, Thomas Brox, and Kurt Keutzer. 2010. Dense point trajectories by GPU-accelerated large displacement optical flow. In Computer Vision--ECCV 2010. Springer, 438--451."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"VDMA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"VDMA. 2015 . LogiCORE IP AXI video direct memory access v5.02.a . Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/documentation\/ip_documentation\/axi_vdma\/v5_02_a\/pg020_axi_vdma.pdf. VDMA. 2015. LogiCORE IP AXI video direct memory access v5.02.a. Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/documentation\/ip_documentation\/axi_vdma\/v5_02_a\/pg020_axi_vdma.pdf."},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2015","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Vivado. 2015 . Vivado Design Suite - HLx editions . Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/ products\/design-tools\/vivado\/. Vivado. 2015. Vivado Design Suite - HLx editions. Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/ products\/design-tools\/vivado\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-011-0422-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"ZYNQ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"ZYNQ. 2015 . Expanding the all programmable SoC portfolio . Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/silicon-devices\/soc\/ZYNQ\/index.htm. ZYNQ. 2015. Expanding the all programmable SoC portfolio. Retrieved April 21, 2016 from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/silicon-devices\/soc\/ZYNQ\/index.htm."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2948976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2948976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:55:46Z","timestamp":1750222546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2948976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2948976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2948976","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1544-3566"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1544-3973"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}