{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T09:32:54Z","timestamp":1763544774100,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Center of the College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS) at King Saud University","award":["RC-140202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-140202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A Question Answering (QA) system is concerned with building a system that automatically answer questions posed by humans in a natural language. Compared to other languages, little effort was directed towards QA systems for Arabic. Due to the difficulty of handling\n            <jats:italic>why<\/jats:italic>\n            -questions, most Arabic QA systems tend to ignore it. In this article, we specifically address the\n            <jats:italic>why<\/jats:italic>\n            -question for Arabic using two different approaches and compare their performance and the quality of their answer. The first is the baseline approach, a generic method that is used to answer all types of questions, including factoid; and for the second approach, we use Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). We evaluate both schemes using a corpus of 700 textual documents in different genres collected from Open Source Arabic Corpora (OSAC), and a set of 100 question-answer pairs. Overall, the performance measures of recall, precision, and\n            <jats:italic>c@1<\/jats:italic>\n            was 68% (all three measures) for the baseline approach, and 71%, 78%, and 77.4%, respectively, for the RST-based approach. The recently introduced extension of the accuracy, the\n            <jats:italic>c@1<\/jats:italic>\n            measure, rewards unanswered questions over those wrongly answered.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2950049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T12:14:47Z","timestamp":1473250487000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Answering Arabic Why-Questions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Aqil M.","family":"Azmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nouf A.","family":"Alshenaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The 2008 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT\u201908)","author":"Abouenour L.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"An evaluated semantic query expansion and structure-based approach for enhancing Arabic question\/answering","volume":"3","author":"Abouenour L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal on Information and Communication Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-013-9237-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2011.652.661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Answer extraction for why Arabic questions answering systems","volume":"5","author":"Al-Khawaldeh F. T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"EWAQ. World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Lexical cohesion and entailment based segmentation for Arabic text summarization (LCEAS)","volume":"5","author":"Al-Khawaldeh F. T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"W. Al-Sanie. 2005. Towards an Infrastructure for Arabic Text Summarization Using Rhetorical Structure Theory. Master\u2019s thesis. Riyadh Saudi Arabia.  W. Al-Sanie. 2005. Towards an Infrastructure for Arabic Text Summarization Using Rhetorical Structure Theory. Master\u2019s thesis. Riyadh Saudi Arabia."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2012.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551515585720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324913000284"},{"volume-title":"Arabic. In The 5th International Conference on Arabic Language Processing (CITALA\u201914)","author":"Azmi A. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Bateman and J. Delin. 2006. Rhetorical structure theory. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition ed.) K. Brown (Ed.). Elsevier 589--597.  J. Bateman and J. Delin. 2006. Rhetorical structure theory. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edition ed.) K. Brown (Ed.). Elsevier 589--597.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-044854-2\/00541-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Y. Benajiba. 2007. Arabic Question Answering. Master\u2019s thesis. Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia Spain.  Y. Benajiba. 2007. Arabic Question Answering. Master\u2019s thesis. Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia Spain."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70939-8_47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"W. Brini M. Ellouze O. Trigui S. Mesfar L. H. Belguith and P. Rosso. 2009. Factoid and definitional Arabic question answering system. In NOOJ\u201909. 243--255.  W. Brini M. Ellouze O. Trigui S. Mesfar L. H. Belguith and P. Rosso. 2009. Factoid and definitional Arabic question answering system. In NOOJ\u201909. 243--255."},{"volume-title":"Information Retrieval: Implementing and Evaluating Search Engines","year":"2010","author":"B\u00fcttcher S.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Effects of stop words elimination for Arabic information retrieval: A comparative study","volume":"4","author":"El-Khair I. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Computing and Information Sciences"},{"volume-title":"The 13th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT\u201912)","author":"Ezzeldin A. M.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644879.1644881"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1118637.1118644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-004-1917-3"},{"volume-title":"The 3rd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP\u201908)","author":"Higashinaka R.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1"},{"volume-title":"Proc. of Human Language Technology Conference (HLT\u201902)","author":"Hovy E.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-014-9271-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"K. Jasinskaja and E. Karagjosova. 2015. Rhetorical Relations. Retrieved from http:\/\/dslc.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de\/sites\/dslc\/katja_files\/Jasinskaja_Karagjosova_RR.pdf.  K. Jasinskaja and E. Karagjosova. 2015. Rhetorical Relations. Retrieved from http:\/\/dslc.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de\/sites\/dslc\/katja_files\/Jasinskaja_Karagjosova_RR.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2009.797.805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"S. Khoja and G. Roger. 1999. Stemming Arabic Text. Technical Report. Computing department Lancaster University.  S. Khoja and G. Roger. 1999. Stemming Arabic Text. Technical Report. Computing department Lancaster University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/text.1.1988.8.3.243"},{"volume-title":"Workshop on Very Large Corpora.","year":"1998","author":"Marcu D.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/165482.165488"},{"volume":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies -","author":"Pe\u00f1as A.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Pe\u00f1as P. Forner R. Sutcliffe \u00c1. Rodrigo C. For\u0103scu I. Alegria D. Giampiccolo N. Moreau and P. Osenova. 2010. Overview of ResPubliQA 2009: Question answering evaluation over European legislation. In Multilingual Information Access Evaluation I. Text Retrieval Experiments: 10th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum CLEF 2009 Corfu Greece (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) C. Peters G. M. Nunzio M. Kurimo T. Mandl D. Mostefa A. Pe\u00f1as and G. Roda (Eds.) Vol. 6241. Springer Berlin 174--196.   A. Pe\u00f1as P. Forner R. Sutcliffe \u00c1. Rodrigo C. For\u0103scu I. Alegria D. Giampiccolo N. Moreau and P. Osenova. 2010. Overview of ResPubliQA 2009: Question answering evaluation over European legislation. In Multilingual Information Access Evaluation I. Text Retrieval Experiments: 10th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum CLEF 2009 Corfu Greece (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) C. Peters G. M. Nunzio M. Kurimo T. Mandl D. Mostefa A. Pe\u00f1as and G. Roda (Eds.) Vol. 6241. Springer Berlin 174--196.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15754-7_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"A. Pe\u00f1as E. Hovy P. Forner A. Rodrigo R. Sutcliffe C. Forascu Y. Benajiba and P. Osenova. 2012. Overview of QA4MRE at CLEF 2012: Question Answering for Machine Reading Evaluation. (2012).  A. Pe\u00f1as E. Hovy P. Forner A. Rodrigo R. Sutcliffe C. Forascu Y. Benajiba and P. Osenova. 2012. Overview of QA4MRE at CLEF 2012: Question Answering for Machine Reading Evaluation. (2012)."},{"volume-title":"The 4th Conference on Scientific Research Outlook & Technology Development in the Arab world, Syria, 11--14","author":"Rosso P.","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1"},{"volume-title":"The 6th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Science (EECS\u201910)","author":"Saad M. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1"},{"volume":"6279","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Salem Z.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361219.361220"},{"volume-title":"Current Research in Natural Language Generation","author":"Scott D. 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University of Nijmegen The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Discourse-based answering of why-questions","volume":"47","author":"Verberne S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.09-032-R1-08-034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-010-9136-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2006.259170"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2950049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2950049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:49:55Z","timestamp":1750218595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2950049"}},"subtitle":["Baseline vs. RST-Based Approach"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2950049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2950049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1046-8188"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-2868"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}