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Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Today's multimedia search engines are expected to respond to queries reflecting a wide variety of information needs from users with different goals. The topical dimension (\u201cwhat\u201d the user is searching for) of these information needs is well studied; however, the\n            <jats:italic>intent<\/jats:italic>\n            dimension (\u201cwhy\u201d the user is searching) has received relatively less attention. Specifically, intent is the\n            <jats:italic>\u201cimmediate reason, purpose, or goal\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n            that motivates a user to query a search engine. We present a thorough survey of multimedia information retrieval research directed at the problem of enabling search engines to respond to user intent. The survey begins by defining intent, including a differentiation from related, often-confused concepts. It then presents the key conceptual models of search intent. The core is an overview of intent-aware approaches that operate at each stage of the multimedia search engine pipeline (i.e., indexing, query processing, ranking). We discuss intent in conventional text-based search wherever it provides insight into multimedia search intent or intent-aware approaches. Finally, we identify and discuss the most important future challenges for intent-aware multimedia search engines. Facing these challenges will allow multimedia information retrieval to recognize and respond to user intent and, as a result, fully satisfy the information needs of users.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2954930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]],"date-time":"2016-08-15T18:17:46Z","timestamp":1471285066000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["User Intent in Multimedia Search"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kofler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg L.P., New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Hanjalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498759.1498766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03658-3_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11880561_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14684521011054053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2393347.2396334"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753846.1753979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/792550.792552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Cormack","author":"Buettcher Stefan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stefan Buettcher , Charles L. 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