{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:33:57Z","timestamp":1761863637440,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]],"date-time":"2016-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR054479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR054479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01LM010942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM010942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Data and Information Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical and health data are often collected for studying a specific disease. For such same-disease microdata, a privacy disclosure occurs as long as an individual is known to be in the microdata. Individuals in same-disease microdata are thus subject to higher disclosure risk than those in microdata with different diseases. This important problem has been overlooked in data-privacy research and practice, and no prior study has addressed this problem. In this study, we analyze the disclosure risk for the individuals in same-disease microdata and propose a new metric that is appropriate for measuring disclosure risk in this situation. An efficient algorithm is designed and implemented for anonymizing same-disease data to minimize the disclosure risk while keeping data utility as good as possible. An experimental study was conducted on real patient and population data. Experimental results show that traditional reidentification risk measures underestimate the actual disclosure risk for the individuals in same-disease microdata and demonstrate that the proposed approach is very effective in reducing the actual risk for same-disease data. This study suggests that privacy protection policy and practice for sharing medical and health data should consider not only the individuals\u2019 identifying attributes but also the health and disease information contained in the data. It is recommended that data-sharing entities employ a statistical approach, instead of the HIPAA's Safe Harbor policy, when sharing same-disease microdata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2956554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T18:01:35Z","timestamp":1476208895000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preserving Patient Privacy When Sharing Same-Disease Data"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Bai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luvai","family":"Motiwalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia D.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/76894.76895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2755489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"L. Breiman J. H. Friedman R. A. Olshen and C. J. Stone. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth Belmont CA. L. Breiman J. H. Friedman R. A. Olshen and C. J. Stone. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth Belmont CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2629604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"1992","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1992 . National Program of Cancer Registries . Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/npcr\/about.htm. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1992. National Program of Cancer Registries. Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/npcr\/about.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3758(82)90058-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. A. de Montjoye C. A. Hidalgo M. Verleysen and V. D. Blondel. 2013. Unique in the crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility. Scientific Reports 3 Article 1376. Y. A. de Montjoye C. A. Hidalgo M. Verleysen and V. D. Blondel. 2013. Unique in the crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility. Scientific Reports 3 Article 1376.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2000. Standards for privacy of individually identifiable health information. Federal Register 65 250 82462--82829. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2000. Standards for privacy of individually identifiable health information. Federal Register 65 250 82462--82829."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2002. Standards for privacy of individually identifiable health information. Federal Register 67 157 53181--53273. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2002. Standards for privacy of individually identifiable health information. Federal Register 67 157 53181--53273."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1989.10509729","article-title":"The risk of disclosure for microdata","volume":"7","author":"Duncan G. T.","year":"1989","unstructured":"G. T. Duncan and D. Lambert . 1989 . The risk of disclosure for microdata . Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 7 , 2, 201 -- 217 . G. T. Duncan and D. Lambert. 1989. The risk of disclosure for microdata. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 7, 2, 201--217.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Economic Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179601.1179615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2006.101"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201907)","author":"Li N.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"N. Li , T. Li , and S. Venkatasubramanian . 2007. t-Closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity . In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201907) . IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 106--115. N. Li, T. Li, and S. Venkatasubramanian. 2007. t-Closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity. In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201907). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 106--115."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1515693.1515695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1090.0702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1100.0289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1584"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.3.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3979.4017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2006.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1515693.1516680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"National Institutes of Health (NIH).","year":"2003","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2003 . NIH Data Sharing Policy and Implementation Guidance . Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/policy\/data_sharing\/data_sharing_ guidance.htm. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2003. NIH Data Sharing Policy and Implementation Guidance. Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/policy\/data_sharing\/data_sharing_ guidance.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"National Science Foundation (NSF).","year":"2011","unstructured":"National Science Foundation (NSF). 2011 . Dissemination and Sharing of Research Results . Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/bfa\/dias\/policy\/dmp.jsp. National Science Foundation (NSF). 2011. Dissemination and Sharing of Research Results. Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/bfa\/dias\/policy\/dmp.jsp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/505248.506010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00397-3"},{"volume-title":"LIDAP-WP4. Data Privacy Lab","author":"Sweeney L.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"L. Sweeney . 2000. Uniqueness of simple demographics in the U.S. population. Working paper , LIDAP-WP4. Data Privacy Lab , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA . L. Sweeney. 2000. Uniqueness of simple demographics in the U.S. population. Working paper, LIDAP-WP4. Data Privacy Lab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488502001648"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1512"}],"container-title":["Journal of Data and Information Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2956554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2956554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:39:43Z","timestamp":1750217983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2956554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2956554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2956554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1936-1955"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-1963"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-10-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}