{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T04:47:04Z","timestamp":1762145224775,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"TPG project of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano and by a grant from the Obel Family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Database Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many databases contain temporal, or time-referenced, data and use intervals to capture the temporal aspect. While SQL-based database management systems (DBMSs) are capable of supporting the management of interval data, the support they offer can be improved considerably. A range of proposed temporal data models and query languages offer ample evidence to this effect. Natural queries that are very difficult to formulate in SQL are easy to formulate in these temporal query languages. The increased focus on analytics over historical data where queries are generally more complex exacerbates the difficulties and thus the potential benefits of a temporal query language. Commercial DBMSs have recently started to offer limited temporal functionality in a step-by-step manner, focusing on the representation of intervals and neglecting the implementation of the query evaluation engine.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            This article demonstrates how it is possible to extend the relational database engine to achieve a full-fledged, industrial-strength implementation of sequenced temporal queries, which intuitively are queries that are evaluated at each time point. Our approach reduces temporal queries to nontemporal queries over data with adjusted intervals, and it leaves the processing of nontemporal queries unaffected. Specifically, the approach hinges on three concepts:\n            <jats:italic>interval adjustment<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>timestamp propagation<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>attribute scaling<\/jats:italic>\n            . Interval adjustment is enabled by introducing two new relational operators, a temporal normalizer and a temporal aligner, and the latter two concepts are enabled by the replication of timestamp attributes and the use of so-called scaling functions. By providing a set of reduction rules, we can transform any temporal query, expressed in terms of temporal relational operators, to a query expressed in terms of relational operators and the two new operators. We prove that the size of a transformed query is linear in the number of temporal operators in the original query. An integration of the new operators and the transformation rules, along with query optimization rules, into the kernel of PostgreSQL is reported. Empirical studies with the resulting temporal DBMS are covered that offer insights into pertinent design properties of the article's proposal. The new system is available as open-source software.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2967608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T12:49:04Z","timestamp":1478263744000},"page":"1-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Extending the Kernel of a Relational DBMS with Comprehensive Support for Sequenced Temporal Queries"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Anton","family":"Dign\u00f6s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"B\u00f6hlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Gamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen, Italy"}]},{"given":"Christian S.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237661.237674"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645484.656237"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2452376.2452443"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Notions of upward compatibility of temporal query languages","volume":"39","author":"Bair John","year":"1997","unstructured":"John Bair , Michael H. B\u00f6hlen , Christian S. Jensen , and Richard T. Snodgrass . 1997 . Notions of upward compatibility of temporal query languages . Wirtschaftsinformatik 39 , 1 (1997), 25 -- 34 . John Bair, Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, Christian S. Jensen, and Richard T. Snodgrass. 1997. Notions of upward compatibility of temporal query languages. Wirtschaftsinformatik 39, 1 (1997), 25--34.","journal-title":"Wirtschaftsinformatik"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2618243.2618285"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10472-006-9022-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11687238_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Snodgrass","author":"B\u00f6hlen Michael H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michael H. B\u00f6hlen , Johann Gamper , Christian S. Jensen , and Richard T . Snodgrass . 2009 . SQL-based temporal query languages. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer , 2762--2768. Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, Johann Gamper, Christian S. Jensen, and Richard T. Snodgrass. 2009. SQL-based temporal query languages. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer, 2762--2768."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Jensen","author":"B\u00f6hlen Michael H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Michael H. B\u00f6hlen and Christian S . Jensen . 2003 . Temporal data model and query language concepts. In Encyclopedia of Information Systems . 437--453. Michael H. B\u00f6hlen and Christian S. Jensen. 2003. Temporal data model and query language concepts. In Encyclopedia of Information Systems. 437--453."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Jensen","author":"B\u00f6hlen Michael H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michael H. B\u00f6hlen and Christian S . Jensen . 2009 . Sequenced semantics. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer , 2619--2621. Michael H. B\u00f6hlen and Christian S. Jensen. 2009. Sequenced semantics. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer, 2619--2621."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/377674.377665"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Snodgrass","author":"B\u00f6hlen Michael H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michael H. B\u00f6hlen , Christian S. Jensen , and Richard T . Snodgrass . 2009 . Current semantics. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer , 544--545. Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, Christian S. Jensen, and Richard T. Snodgrass. 2009. Current semantics. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer, 544--545."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Snodgrass","author":"B\u00f6hlen Michael H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michael H. B\u00f6hlen , Christian S. Jensen , and Richard T . Snodgrass . 2009 . Nonsequenced semantics. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer , 1913--1915. Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, Christian S. Jensen, and Richard T. Snodgrass. 2009. Nonsequenced semantics. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer, 1913--1915."},{"volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.)","author":"Boulakia Sarah Cohen","key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Sarah Cohen Boulakia and Wang Chiew Tan . 2009. Provenance in scientific databases . In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.) . Springer , 2202--2207. Sarah Cohen Boulakia and Wang Chiew Tan. 2009. Provenance in scientific databases. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer, 2202--2207."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383891.383892"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357775.357777"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Chris Date and Hugn Darwen. 2002. Temporal Data and the Relational Model. Morgan Kaufmann.   Chris Date and Hugn Darwen. 2002. Temporal Data and the Relational Model. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","unstructured":"Jeff Davis. 2009. Online temporal PostgreSQL reference. Retrieved from http:\/\/temporal.projects.postgresql.org\/reference.html.  Jeff Davis. 2009. Online temporal PostgreSQL reference. Retrieved from http:\/\/temporal.projects.postgresql.org\/reference.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2213836.2213886"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2013.6544930"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2588555.2612175"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIME.2015.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Jensen","author":"Gamper Johann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johann Gamper , Michael H. B\u00f6hlen , and Christian S . Jensen . 2009 . Temporal aggregation. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer , 2924--2929. Johann Gamper, Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, and Christian S. Jensen. 2009. Temporal aggregation. In Encyclopedia of Database Systems. L. Liu and M. T. \u00d6zsu (Eds.). Springer, 2924--2929."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-003-0111-3"},{"volume-title":"University information system (UIS) dataset","author":"Gendrano Jose A. G.","key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"Jose A. G. Gendrano , R. Shah , Richard T. Snodgrass , and Jun Yang . 1998. University information system (UIS) dataset . TimeCenter CD- 1. Jose A. G. Gendrano, R. Shah, Richard T. Snodgrass, and Jun Yang. 1998. University information system (UIS) dataset. TimeCenter CD-1."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Boris Glavic. 2010. Perm: Efficient Provenance Support for Relational Databases. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Zurich. Retrieved from http:\/\/cs.iit.edu\/&sim;dbgroup\/pdfpubls\/G10a.pdf.  Boris Glavic. 2010. Perm: Efficient Provenance Support for Relational Databases. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Zurich. Retrieved from http:\/\/cs.iit.edu\/&sim;dbgroup\/pdfpubls\/G10a.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1921003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Snodgrass","author":"Jensen Christian S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christian S. Jensen and Richard T . Snodgrass . 2009 . Timeslice operator. See Liu and \u00d6zsu {2009}, 3120--3121. Christian S. Jensen and Richard T. Snodgrass. 2009. Timeslice operator. See Liu and \u00d6zsu {2009}, 3120--3121."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(94)90013-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2015.7113307"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2463676.2465293"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2536274.2536278"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201995)","author":"Kline Nick","key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"Nick Kline and Richard T. Snodgrass . 1995. Computing temporal aggregates . In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201995) . 222--231. Nick Kline and Richard T. Snodgrass. 1995. Computing temporal aggregates. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201995). 222--231."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2380776.2380786"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645484.656385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling Liu and M. Tamer \u00d6zsu (Eds.). 2009. Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer.   Ling Liu and M. Tamer \u00d6zsu (Eds.). 2009. Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-39940-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2006.162"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/69.599935"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2003.1198403"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","unstructured":"Chuck Murray. 2008. Oracle database workspace manager developer\u2019s guide. Retrieved from http:\/\/download.oracle.com\/docs\/cd\/B28359_01\/appdev.111\/b28396.pdf.  Chuck Murray. 2008. Oracle database workspace manager developer\u2019s guide. Retrieved from http:\/\/download.oracle.com\/docs\/cd\/B28359_01\/appdev.111\/b28396.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2016.7498316"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","unstructured":"PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Documentation manual PostgreSQL - range types. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/9.2\/static\/rangetypes.html.  PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Documentation manual PostgreSQL - range types. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/9.2\/static\/rangetypes.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","unstructured":"Cynthia Saracco Matthias Nicola and Lenisha Gandhi. 2012. A matter of time: Temporal data management in DB2 10. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/developerworks\/data\/library\/techarticle\/ dm-1204db2temporaldata\/dm-1204db2temporaldata-pdf.pdf.  Cynthia Saracco Matthias Nicola and Lenisha Gandhi. 2012. A matter of time: Temporal data management in DB2 10. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ibm.com\/developerworks\/data\/library\/techarticle\/ dm-1204db2temporaldata\/dm-1204db2temporaldata-pdf.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"HSQL: A historical query language. In Temporal Databases.","author":"Sarda Nandlal L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nandlal L. Sarda . 1993 . HSQL: A historical query language. In Temporal Databases. Benjamin\/Cummings Publishing Company , 110--140. Nandlal L. Sarda. 1993. HSQL: A historical query language. In Temporal Databases. Benjamin\/Cummings Publishing Company, 110--140."},{"volume-title":"Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementation. Abdullah Uz Tansel, James Clifford, Shashi K","author":"Segev Arie","key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"Arie Segev . 1993. Join processing and optimization in temporal relational databases . In Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementation. Abdullah Uz Tansel, James Clifford, Shashi K . Gadia, Sushil Jajodia, Arie Segev, and Richard T. Snodgrass (Eds.). Benjamin\/Cummings , 356--387. Arie Segev. 1993. Join processing and optimization in temporal relational databases. In Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementation. Abdullah Uz Tansel, James Clifford, Shashi K. Gadia, Sushil Jajodia, Arie Segev, and Richard T. Snodgrass (Eds.). Benjamin\/Cummings, 356--387."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard T. Snodgrass (Ed.). 1995. The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language. Kluwer Academic Publishers.   Richard T. Snodgrass (Ed.). 1995. The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language. Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2289-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","unstructured":"Richard T. Snodgrass. 2000. Developing Time-oriented Database Applications in SQL. Morgan Kaufmann.   Richard T. Snodgrass. 2000. Developing Time-oriented Database Applications in SQL. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"volume-title":"A Case Study of Temporal Data","author":"Snodgrass Richard T.","key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"Richard T. Snodgrass . 2010. A Case Study of Temporal Data . Teradata Corporation . Richard T. Snodgrass. 2010. A Case Study of Temporal Data. Teradata Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard T. Snodgrass Michael H. B\u00f6hlen Christian S. Jensen and Andreas Steiner. 1997. Transitioning temporal support in TSQL2 to SQL3. In Temporal Databases Dagstuhl. 150--194.  Richard T. Snodgrass Michael H. B\u00f6hlen Christian S. Jensen and Andreas Steiner. 1997. Transitioning temporal support in TSQL2 to SQL3. In Temporal Databases Dagstuhl. 150--194.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0053702"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646495.695442"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"Snodgrass","author":"Soo Michael D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Michael D. Soo , Christian S. Jensen , and Richard T . Snodgrass . 1995 . An algebra for TSQL2. In The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language. Richard T. Snodgrass (Ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers , 505--546. Michael D. Soo, Christian S. Jensen, and Richard T. Snodgrass. 1995. An algebra for TSQL2. In The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language. Richard T. Snodgrass (Ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, 505--546."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201994)","author":"Soo Michael D.","key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","unstructured":"Michael D. Soo , Richard T. Snodgrass , and Christian S. Jensen . 1994. Efficient evaluation of the valid-time natural join . In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201994) . 282--292. Michael D. Soo, Richard T. Snodgrass, and Christian S. Jensen. 1994. Efficient evaluation of the valid-time natural join. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201994). 282--292."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementation. Benjamin\/Cummings.","author":"Tansel Abdullah Uz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Abdullah Uz Tansel , James Clifford , Shashi K. Gadia , Sushil Jajodia , Arie Segev , and Richard T. Snodgrass ( Eds .) . 1993 . Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementation. Benjamin\/Cummings. Abdullah Uz Tansel, James Clifford, Shashi K. Gadia, Sushil Jajodia, Arie Segev, and Richard T. Snodgrass (Eds.). 1993. Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementation. Benjamin\/Cummings."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","unstructured":"Teradata. 2014. Teradata database temporal table support. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.info.teradata.com\/eDownload.cfm?itemid&equals;131540028.  Teradata. 2014. Teradata database temporal table support. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.info.teradata.com\/eDownload.cfm?itemid&equals;131540028."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2004.1277816"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237661.237676"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Point-based temporal extensions of SQL and their efficient implementation. In Temporal Databases: Research and Practice","volume":"1399","author":"Toman David","year":"1998","unstructured":"David Toman . 1998 . Point-based temporal extensions of SQL and their efficient implementation. In Temporal Databases: Research and Practice . LNCS , Vol. 1399. 211 -- 237 . David Toman. 1998. Point-based temporal extensions of SQL and their efficient implementation. In Temporal Databases: Research and Practice. LNCS, Vol. 1399. 211--237.","journal-title":"LNCS"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-003-0107-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/375551.375600"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/876875.878998"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Database Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2967608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2967608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:49:57Z","timestamp":1750218597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2967608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2967608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2967608","relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-5915","1557-4644"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0362-5915"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-4644"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-11-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}