{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:54:36Z","timestamp":1777892076157,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T12:46:35Z","timestamp":1477399595000},"page":"254-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1715,"title":["Making Smart Contracts Smarter"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Loi","family":"Luu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Duc-Hiep","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Hrishi","family":"Olickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Prateek","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Aquinas","family":"Hobor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUS College &amp; National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. bitcoin.org","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Ethereum's white paper. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/White-Paper","author":"Foundation Ethereum","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2014.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Use case for factom: The world's first blockchain operating system (bos). http:\/\/kencode.de\/projects\/ePlug\/Factom-Linux-Whitepaper.pdf Feb 2015.  Use case for factom: The world's first blockchain operating system (bos). http:\/\/kencode.de\/projects\/ePlug\/Factom-Linux-Whitepaper.pdf Feb 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Nick Szabo. The idea of smart contracts. http:\/\/szabo.best.vwh.net\/smart_contracts_idea.html 1997.  Nick Szabo. The idea of smart contracts. http:\/\/szabo.best.vwh.net\/smart_contracts_idea.html 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"EtherDice smart contract is down for maintenance. https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/ethereum\/comments\/47f028\/etherdice_is_down_for_maintenance_we_are_having\/.  EtherDice smart contract is down for maintenance. https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/ethereum\/comments\/47f028\/etherdice_is_down_for_maintenance_we_are_having\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"RSK Labs. Rootstock: Smart contracts platform powered by Bitcoin. http:\/\/www.rootstock.io\/ 2015.  RSK Labs. Rootstock: Smart contracts platform powered by Bitcoin. http:\/\/www.rootstock.io\/ 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"http:\/\/counterparty.io\/","author":"Counterparty","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2491245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Innovative Data system Research (CIDR)","author":"Baker Jason","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"KingOfTheEtherThrone smart contract. https:\/\/github.com\/kieranelby\/KingOfTheEtherThrone\/blob\/v0.4.0\/contracts\/KingOfTheEtherThrone.sol.  KingOfTheEtherThrone smart contract. https:\/\/github.com\/kieranelby\/KingOfTheEtherThrone\/blob\/v0.4.0\/contracts\/KingOfTheEtherThrone.sol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"GovernMental's 1100 ETH payout is stuck because it uses too much gas. https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/ethereum\/comments\/4ghzhv\/governmentals_1100_eth_jackpot_payout_is_stuck\/.  GovernMental's 1100 ETH payout is stuck because it uses too much gas. https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/ethereum\/comments\/4ghzhv\/governmentals_1100_eth_jackpot_payout_is_stuck\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Gavin Wood. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. http:\/\/gavwood.com\/paper.pdf 2014.  Gavin Wood. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. http:\/\/gavwood.com\/paper.pdf 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Ethereum Foundation. The solidity contract-oriented programming language. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/solidity.  Ethereum Foundation. The solidity contract-oriented programming language. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/solidity."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Ethereum Foundation. The serpent contract-oriented programming language. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/serpent.  Ethereum Foundation. The serpent contract-oriented programming language. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/serpent."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Oyente project page. https:\/\/www.comp.nus.edu.sg\/ loiluu\/oyente.html.  Oyente project page. https:\/\/www.comp.nus.edu.sg\/ loiluu\/oyente.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"TheDAO smart contract. http:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413#code.  TheDAO smart contract. http:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413#code."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"EtherEx: A fully decentralized cryptocurrency exchange. https:\/\/etherex.org\/.  EtherEx: A fully decentralized cryptocurrency exchange. https:\/\/etherex.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"EtherOpt: A decentralized options exchange. http:\/\/etheropt.github.io\/.  EtherOpt: A decentralized options exchange. http:\/\/etheropt.github.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"The Run smart contract. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0xcac337492149bdb66b088bf5914bedfbf78ccc18.  The Run smart contract. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0xcac337492149bdb66b088bf5914bedfbf78ccc18."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Ethereum Foundation. Block validation algorithm. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/Block-Protocol-2.0#block-validation-algorithm.  Ethereum Foundation. Block validation algorithm. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/Block-Protocol-2.0#block-validation-algorithm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Andrew Miller Brian Warner and Nathan Wilcox. Gas economics. https:\/\/github.com\/LeastAuthority\/ethereum-analyses\/blob\/master\/GasEcon.md.  Andrew Miller Brian Warner and Nathan Wilcox. Gas economics. https:\/\/github.com\/LeastAuthority\/ethereum-analyses\/blob\/master\/GasEcon.md."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Protect The Castle Contract. http:\/\/protect-the-castle.ether-contract.org\/.  Protect The Castle Contract. http:\/\/protect-the-castle.ether-contract.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"GovernMental Smart Contract. http:\/\/governmental.github.io\/GovernMental\/.  GovernMental Smart Contract. http:\/\/governmental.github.io\/GovernMental\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Lottopolo smart contract. https:\/\/etherchain.org\/account\/0x0155ce35fe73249fa5d6a29f3b4b7b98732eb2ed.  Lottopolo smart contract. https:\/\/etherchain.org\/account\/0x0155ce35fe73249fa5d6a29f3b4b7b98732eb2ed."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Random number generator contract. https:\/\/github.com\/randao\/randao.  Random number generator contract. https:\/\/github.com\/randao\/randao."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360248.360252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/512950.512973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. The Z3 theorem prover. https:\/\/github.com\/Z3Prover\/z3.  Microsoft Corporation. The Z3 theorem prover. https:\/\/github.com\/Z3Prover\/z3."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"The Ethereum block explorer. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/.  The Ethereum block explorer. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"The Ethereum network stats. https:\/\/etherchain.org\/.  The Ethereum network stats. https:\/\/etherchain.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Peter Borah. Tokenwith invariants - vulnerable contracts in ethereum. https:\/\/github.com\/PeterBorah\/smart-contract-security-examples\/blob\/7d7ef27b12f15318871c44512b70737176d23c5f\/contracts\/TokenWithInvariants.sol.  Peter Borah. Tokenwith invariants - vulnerable contracts in ethereum. https:\/\/github.com\/PeterBorah\/smart-contract-security-examples\/blob\/7d7ef27b12f15318871c44512b70737176d23c5f\/contracts\/TokenWithInvariants.sol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Peter Vessenes. More ethereum attacks: Race-to-empty is the real deal. http:\/\/vessenes.com\/more-ethereum-attacks-race-to-empty-is-the-real-deal\/.  Peter Vessenes. More ethereum attacks: Race-to-empty is the real deal. http:\/\/vessenes.com\/more-ethereum-attacks-race-to-empty-is-the-real-deal\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Alexandre Naverniouk. EtherID: Ethereum name registrar. http:\/\/etherid.org\/.  Alexandre Naverniouk. EtherID: Ethereum name registrar. http:\/\/etherid.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356842.356846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Parallel and Distributed Algorithms","author":"Mattern Friedemann","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Australian Computer Science Conference, 10(1):56--66","author":"Fidge C. J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Andrew Koening and Bjarne Stroustrup. Exception handling for C  Andrew Koening and Bjarne Stroustrup. Exception handling for C"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","first-page":"16","volume":"3","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Object-Oriented Programming"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/549659"}],"event":{"name":"CCS'16: 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Vienna Austria","acronym":"CCS'16","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2976749.2978309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2976749.2978309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:56:17Z","timestamp":1750222577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2976749.2978309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2976749.2978309","10.1145\/2976749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2976749.2978309","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-10-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}