{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:49:17Z","timestamp":1790837357165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Artists routinely use\n            <jats:italic>gesture drawings<\/jats:italic>\n            to communicate ideated character poses for storyboarding and other digital media. During subsequent posing of the 3D character models, they use these drawing as a reference, and perform the posing itself using 3D interfaces which require time and expert 3D knowledge to operate. We propose the first method for automatically posing 3D characters directly using gesture drawings as an input, sidestepping the manual 3D posing step. We observe that artists are skilled at quickly and effectively conveying poses using such drawings, and design them to facilitate a single perceptually consistent pose interpretation by viewers. Our algorithm leverages perceptual cues to parse the drawings and recover the artist-intended poses. It takes as input a vector-format rough gesture drawing and a rigged 3D character model, and plausibly poses the character to conform to the depicted pose. No other input is required. Our contribution is two-fold: we first analyze and formulate the pose cues encoded in gesture drawings; we then employ these cues to compute a plausible image space projection of the conveyed pose and to imbue it with depth. Our framework is designed to robustly overcome errors and inaccuracies frequent in typical gesture drawings. We exhibit a wide variety of character models posed by our method created from gesture drawings of complex poses, including poses with occlusions and foreshortening. We validate our approach via result comparisons to artist-posed models generated from the same reference drawings, via studies that confirm that our results agree with viewer perception, and via comparison to algorithmic alternatives.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2980179.2980240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T17:02:54Z","timestamp":1478883774000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gesture3D"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Bessmeltsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Vining","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Sheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212797"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925884"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2801134"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"Blair P. 1994. Cartoon Animation. Walter Foster Publishing.  Blair P. 1994. Cartoon Animation. Walter Foster Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000011203.00237.9b"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487381.2487385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126221"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1090122.1090145"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Proc. Symposium on Computer Animation, 320--328","author":"Davis J."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360697"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Sketching: The Basics","author":"Eissen K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925946"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 1746--1753","author":"Gall J."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-008-0173-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618494"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015755"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508397"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786784.2786785"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"Hale R. and Coyle T. 1991. Master Class in Figure Drawing. Watson-Guptill.  Hale R. and Coyle T. 1991. Master Class in Figure Drawing. Watson-Guptill."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Figure Drawing: Design and Invention. Figuredrawing.info.","author":"Hampton M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE","author":"Hecker R.","year":"1828"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01410-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"Hogarth B. 1996. Dynamic Figure Drawing. Watson-Guptill.  Hogarth B. 1996. Dynamic Figure Drawing. Watson-Guptill."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2077341.2077349"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141928"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"Koffka K. 1955. Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Routledge & K. Paul.  Koffka K. 1955. Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Routledge & K. Paul."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Koller D. and Friedman N. 2009. Probabilistic Graphical Models: Principles and Techniques. MIT Press.   Koller D. and Friedman N. 2009. Probabilistic Graphical Models: Principles and Techniques. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1572741.1572749"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"Leland N. 2006. The New Creative Artist. F+W Media.  Leland N. 2006. The New Creative Artist. F+W Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Proc. Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium, 111--118","author":"Lin J."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Proc. Sketch Based Interfaces and Modeling.","author":"Mao C."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","unstructured":"Nicolades K. 1975. The Natural Way to Draw. Houghton Mifflin.  Nicolades K. 1975. The Natural Way to Draw. Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1888028.1888060"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1572741.1572765"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90072-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","unstructured":"Tekin B. Sun X. Wang Lepetit V. and Fua P. 2015. Predicting people's 3d poses from short sequences. In arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.08200.  Tekin B. Sun X. Wang Lepetit V. and Fua P. 2015. Predicting people's 3d poses from short sequences. In arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.08200."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508384"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601128"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/195826.195827"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2980179.2980240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2980179.2980240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:49:57Z","timestamp":1750218597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2980179.2980240"}},"subtitle":["posing 3D characters via gesture drawings"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2980179.2980240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2980179.2980240","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-12-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}