{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T08:41:06Z","timestamp":1780994466451,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":42,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1350182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1350182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["587327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["587327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2983990.2984004","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T11:58:54Z","timestamp":1476964734000},"page":"838-848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Java and scala's type systems are unsound: the existential crisis of null pointers"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Nada","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPFL, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30936-1_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660193.2660216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"MJ: An imperative core calculus for Java and Java with effects. Technical report","author":"Bierman Gavin M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gavin M. Bierman, Matthew J. Parkinson, and Andrew M. Pitts. MJ: An imperative core calculus for Java and Java with effects. Technical report, University of Cambridge, April 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/286936.286957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"February","author":"Breslav Andrey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrey Breslav. The Kotlin language documentation, February 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70592-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/99370.99392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/32.4.305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9942(199901\/03)5:1%3C3::AID-TAPO2%3E3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268946.268961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Edinburgh LCF: A mechanised logic of computation","author":"Gordon Michael","year":"1979","unstructured":"Michael Gordon, Arthur L. Miller, and Christopher P. Wadsworth. Edinburgh LCF: A mechanised logic of computation. LNCS, 78, 1979.","journal-title":"LNCS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1036643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594291.2594308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Java generics are Turing complete. arXiv","author":"Grigore Radu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Radu Grigore. Java generics are Turing complete. arXiv, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645396.651967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169701.169692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"QCon","author":"Hoare Tony C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tony C. Hoare. Null references: The billion dollar mistake. QCon, March 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503502.503505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646159.680032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"FOOL","author":"Andrew","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrew J. Kennedy and Benjamin C. Pierce. On decidability of nominal subtyping with variance. In FOOL, 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/77350.77361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"November","author":"King Gavin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gavin King. The Ceylon language specification, version 1.0, November 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/567067.567092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/28697.28738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647326.721798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/268946.268960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"May","author":"Odersky Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin Odersky. The Scala language specification, version 2.9, May 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/143165.143228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-5401(03)00138-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"From F to DOT: Type soundness proofs with definitional interpreters. Technical report","author":"Rompf Tiark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tiark Rompf and Nada Amin. From F to DOT: Type soundness proofs with definitional interpreters. Technical report, Purdue University, October 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"May","author":"Community The Rust","year":"2015","unstructured":"The Rust Community. The Rust programming language, May 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"August","author":"Smith Dan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dan Smith. Possibly modify well-formedness restriction for wildcards?, August 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/bugs.openjdk.java.net\/browse\/JDK-8054941."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes for the International Summer School in Computer Programming","author":"Strachey Christopher","year":"1967","unstructured":"Christopher Strachey. Fundamental concepts in programming languages. Lecture Notes for the International Summer School in Computer Programming, August 1967."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1557898.1557908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1993498.1993570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646156.679846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(90)90018-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","author":"Torgersen Mads","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mads Torgersen, Erik Ernst, and Christian Plesner Hansen. Wild FJ. In FOOL, 2005.","journal-title":"Wild FJ. In FOOL"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/967900.968162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"December","author":"Washburn Geoffrey Alan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geoffrey Alan Washburn. Another type soundness hole, December 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/issues.scala-lang.org\/browse\/SI-1557."}],"event":{"name":"SPLASH '16: Conference on Systems, Programming, Languages, and Applications: Software for Humanity","location":"Amsterdam Netherlands","acronym":"SPLASH '16","sponsor":["SIGPLAN ACM Special Interest Group on Programming Languages","SIGAda ACM Special Interest Group on Ada Programming Language"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2983990.2984004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2983990.2984004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2983990.2984004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:24:10Z","timestamp":1763457850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2983990.2984004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2983990.2984004","10.1145\/2983990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2983990.2984004","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1145\/3022671.2984004","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-10-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}