{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:41:50Z","timestamp":1781822510630,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":44,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]],"date-time":"2016-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3014362.3014367","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T19:23:23Z","timestamp":1480620203000},"page":"52-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Making and Breaking the User-Usage Model: WhatsApp Adoption Amongst Emergent Users in India"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Devanuj Kanta","family":"Balkrishan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirudha","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandni","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazreen","family":"Nizam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmay","family":"Parab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit","family":"Devkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tata Consultancy Services Limited"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes 50.2","year":"1991","unstructured":"IcekAjzen. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes 50.2 (1991), 179--211."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/523184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779610996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development. Pediatrics113, 6","author":"Li Xiaoming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiaoming Li and Melissa S Atkins. 2004. Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development. Pediatrics113, 6 (2004), 1715--1722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872000779656444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Smith Aaron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aaron Smith. 2014. Older adults and technology use. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from Pew Research: http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2014\/04\/03\/older-adults-and-technology-use\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fred D. Davis. 1989.Perceived usefulness perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly 319--340. 10.2307\/249008","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2525194.2525209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676702.2676710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Mobile Economy","author":"GSMA","year":"2015","unstructured":"GSMA, Mobile Economy. 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from GSMA Mobile Economy: http:\/\/www.gsmamobileeconomy.com\/GSMA_Global_Mobile_Economy_Report_2015.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Theory and practice for empowerment","author":"LeslieSteeves Srinivas","unstructured":"Srinivas R.Melkoteand H. LeslieSteeves.2001.Communication for development in the Third World: Theory and practice for empowerment. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Lomas Natasha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Natasha Lomas. 2015. Telegram Now Seeing 12BN Daily Messages, Up From 1BN In February. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from Techcrunch: http:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2015\/09\/21\/telegram-nowseeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"WhatsApp crosses 1 billion monthly active users, over 100 million users from India Retrieved","year":"2016","unstructured":"SambitSatpathy. 2016. WhatsApp crosses 1 billion monthly active users, over 100 million users from India Retrieved July 10, 2016, from BGR India: http:\/\/www.bgr.in\/news\/whatsapp-crosses-1-billion-monthly-active-users-over-100-million-users-from-india\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Diffusion of innovations","author":"Everett Rogers","unstructured":"Rogers Everett, M. 1995. Diffusion of innovations. New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Hindu The","year":"2016","unstructured":"The Hindu. 2016. With 220mn users, India is now world's second-biggest smartphone market. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from The Hindu: http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/cities\/mumbai\/business\/with-220mn-users-india-is-now-worlds-secondbiggest-smartphone-market\/article8186543.ece"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ViswanathVenkatesh and Fred DDavis.2000. A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model. Management science 46.2 186--204. 10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision sciences 39.2","author":"HillolBala ViswanathVenkatesh","year":"2008","unstructured":"ViswanathVenkatesh and HillolBala. Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision sciences 39.2 (2008), 273--315."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Gabriel Tarde.1903.The laws of imitation. H. Holt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"The Diffusion Process, Special Report No. 18. Agriculture Extension Service","volume":"1","author":"Bohlen Joe","year":"1957","unstructured":"Joe M.Bohlen, and George M. Beal.1957.The Diffusion Process, Special Report No. 18. Agriculture Extension Service, Iowa State College. 1: 56--77. http:\/\/www.soc.iastate.edu\/extension\/pub\/comm\/SP18.pdf","journal-title":"Iowa State College."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Neal C. Gross.1942.The diffusion of a culture trait in two Iowa townships. M.S. Thesis Iowa State College Ames."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities","volume":"8","author":"Ryan Bryce","year":"1943","unstructured":"Bryce Ryan and Neal C. Gross.1943.The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities. Rural Sociology 8, 15--24.","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Gross.1950.Acceptance and diffusion of hybrid corn seed in two Iowa communities. Research Bulletin 372","author":"BryceRyan","unstructured":"BryceRyan and Neal C. Gross.1950.Acceptance and diffusion of hybrid corn seed in two Iowa communities. Research Bulletin 372, Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Iowa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"J. Chipchase. 2005. Understanding non-literacy as a barrier to mobile phone communication. http:\/\/research.nokia.com\/bluesky\/non-literacy-001-2005\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research.","author":"Fishbein M.","unstructured":"M. Fishbein, and I. Azjen.1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 2016.Press Release on Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st March 2016.Retrieved June 16 2016 from http:\/\/trai.gov.in\/Content\/PressDetails\/52345_1.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. A. Adams R. R. Nelson andP. A. Todd.1992. Perceived usefulness ease of use and usage of information technology: A replication. MIS quarterly 227--247 10.2307\/249577","DOI":"10.2307\/249577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Park R.Roman S.Lee and J. E. Chung.2009. User acceptance of a digital library system in developing countries: An application of the Technology Acceptance Model. International journal of information management 29(3) 196--209. 10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2008.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2008.07.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Extending the technology acceptance model to mobile banking adoption in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"3","author":"Chitungo S. K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"S. K. Chitungo and S.Munongo.2013. Extending the technology acceptance model to mobile banking adoption in rural Zimbabwe. Journal of Business Administration and Education, 3(1), 51.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Administration and Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jssp.2011.113.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Smartphones are keeping users in India plugged","year":"2016","unstructured":"PrashantSingh. 2013. Smartphones are keeping users in India plugged in. The Nielsen Company. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from http:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/in\/en\/press-room\/2013\/indian-smartphone-user.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Nair-Purohit Sapna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sapna Nair-Purohit.2015. How smartphones are penetrating deeper in rural India. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from The Rural Marketing Journal of India: http:\/\/www.rmai.in\/ejournal\/national-international-trend\/5-how-smartphones-are-penetrating-deeper-in-rural-india"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Sharma S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"S. Sharma.2015. Market Structure of the Global Mobile Industry and the Indian Market. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from The Social Science Research Network: http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2684253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EEMCS-06-2014-0158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Abbas M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Abbas. 2016. Rural India poised for a mobile revolution as customers upgrade to smartphones. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from The Economic Times: http:\/\/articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com\/2016-05-07\/news\/72910087_1_smartphones-4g-phones-micromax-informatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Development by Design (DYD'02)","author":"Rathod A.","unstructured":"A. Rathod and A. Joshi.2002. A dynamic text input scheme for phonetic scripts like Devanagari. In Proceedings of Development by Design (DYD'02)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/569005.569011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON'08)","author":"Varma V.","unstructured":"V. Varma and V. Sowmya. 2008. Design and evaluation of soft keyboards for Telugu. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON'08)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676702.2677203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2005.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461316.2461318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Students' Technology Symposium (TechSym)","author":"Sarcar S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"S. Sarcar, S. Ghosh, P.K. Saha, and D. Samanta. 2010.Virtual keyboard design: State of the arts and research issues. In Students' Technology Symposium (TechSym), 2010 IEEE (pp. 289--299). IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037373.2037422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"G.A. Moore.2002. Crossing the chasm."}],"event":{"name":"IHCI '16: India HCI 2016","location":"Mumbai India","acronym":"IHCI '16","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 8th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3014362.3014367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3014362.3014367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:23:17Z","timestamp":1750220597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3014362.3014367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3014362.3014367","10.1145\/3014362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3014362.3014367","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-12-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}