{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:20:08Z","timestamp":1770484808010,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":37,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3022227.3022247","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T13:39:43Z","timestamp":1486733983000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fusion of face recognition and facial expression detection for authentication"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Delina Beh Mei","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shariman","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BT Global Technology, Bangsar South, Kuala Lumpur"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bazilah A.","family":"Talip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Muklas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Afiqah Mohd","family":"Norain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu Talib","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kedah"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Tech for Anyone","author":"Kyrnin M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Kyrnin . 2016 . Biometrics will not replace the password , Tech for Anyone , 1 September, 2016. M. Kyrnin. 2016. Biometrics will not replace the password, Tech for Anyone, 1 September, 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"An algorithm for improved accuracy in unimodal biometric systems through fusion of multiple feature sets","volume":"9","author":"Deepika C. L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"C. L. Deepika , and A. Kandaswamy . 2009 . An algorithm for improved accuracy in unimodal biometric systems through fusion of multiple feature sets , ICGST-GVIP Journal , vol. 9 , no. 3 , pp. 33 -- 40 . C. L. Deepika, and A. Kandaswamy. 2009. An algorithm for improved accuracy in unimodal biometric systems through fusion of multiple feature sets, ICGST-GVIP Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 33--40.","journal-title":"ICGST-GVIP Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1221","volume-title":"IEEE 12th European Signal Processing Conference","author":"Ross A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"A. Ross . 2004 . Multimodal biometrics: An overview . In IEEE 12th European Signal Processing Conference , pp. 1221 -- 1224 . A. Ross. 2004. Multimodal biometrics: An overview. In IEEE 12th European Signal Processing Conference, pp. 1221--1224."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2857546.2857548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2009 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics, Identity and Security","author":"Galbally J.","unstructured":"J. Galbally , J. Fierrez , J. Ortega-Garcia , C. McCool , and S. Marcel . 2009. Hill-climbing attack to an Eigenface-based face verification system . In 2009 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics, Identity and Security , pp. 1 -- 6 . J. Galbally, J. Fierrez, J. Ortega-Garcia, C. McCool, and S. Marcel. 2009. Hill-climbing attack to an Eigenface-based face verification system. In 2009 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics, Identity and Security, pp. 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBM.2015.071949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2014.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","first-page":"805","volume-title":"International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication","author":"Wang Y.","unstructured":"Y. Wang , T. Tan , and A. K. Jain . 2003. Combining face and iris biometrics for identity verification . In International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication , pp. 805 -- 813 . Y. Wang, T. Tan, and A. K. Jain. 2003. Combining face and iris biometrics for identity verification. In International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, pp. 805--813."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"705","article-title":"Combined face and iris recognition system","author":"Determan G. E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. E. Determan , V. C. Jacobson , J. Jelinek , T. Phinney , R. M. Hamza , T. Ahrens , G. A. Kilgore , and R. P. Whillock . 2016 . Combined face and iris recognition system . U.S. Patent No. 8 , 705 ,808. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. G. E. Determan, V. C. Jacobson, J. Jelinek, T. Phinney, R. M. Hamza, T. Ahrens, G. A. Kilgore, and R. P. Whillock. 2016. Combined face and iris recognition system. U.S. Patent No. 8,705,808. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-016-9474-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"A. A. M. Al-modwahi O. Sebetela L. N. Batleng B. Parhizkar and A. H. Lashkari. 2012. Facial expression recognition intelligent security system for real time surveillance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality (CGVR) (p. 1). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science Computer Engineering and Applied Computing  A. A. M. Al-modwahi O. Sebetela L. N. Batleng B. Parhizkar and A. H. Lashkari. 2012. Facial expression recognition intelligent security system for real time surveillance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality (CGVR) (p. 1). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science Computer Engineering and Applied Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Automatic detecting neutral face for face authentication and facial expression analysis","volume":"3","author":"Tian Y. L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Y. L. Tian , and R. M. Bolle . 2003 . Automatic detecting neutral face for face authentication and facial expression analysis .,\" AAAI-03 Spring Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia Knowledge Management , vol. 3 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Y. L. Tian, and R. M. Bolle. 2003. Automatic detecting neutral face for face authentication and facial expression analysis.,\" AAAI-03 Spring Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia Knowledge Management, vol. 3, pp. 24--26.","journal-title":"AAAI-03 Spring Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia Knowledge Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1027933.1027968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1127389.1127416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference.","author":"Viola P.","unstructured":"P. Viola , and M. Jones . 2001. Rapid object detection using boosted cascade of simple features. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition , Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference. pp. 1 -- 511 . P. Viola, and M. Jones. 2001. Rapid object detection using boosted cascade of simple features. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference. pp. 1--511."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"900","volume-title":"Proceedings International Conference on Image Processing","author":"Lienhart R.","unstructured":"R. Lienhart , and J. Maydt . 2002. An extended set of Haar-like features for rapid object detection . In Proceedings International Conference on Image Processing pp. 900 -- 903 . R. Lienhart, and J. Maydt. 2002. An extended set of Haar-like features for rapid object detection. In Proceedings International Conference on Image Processing pp. 900--903."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Turk and A. Pentland. 1991. Eigenfaces for Face Detection \/ Recognition Recognition E. & Neuroscience C. vol. 3 no. 1 pp. 1--11.  M. Turk and A. Pentland. 1991. Eigenfaces for Face Detection \/ Recognition Recognition E. & Neuroscience C . vol. 3 no. 1 pp. 1--11.","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.1.71"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","article-title":"Facial Recognition using Eigenfaces by PCA","volume":"1","author":"Lata Y. V.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Y. V. Lata , C. K. B. Tungathurthi , H. R. M. Rao , A. Govardhan , and L. P. Reddy . 2009 . Facial Recognition using Eigenfaces by PCA . International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering , vol. 1 , no. 1 . Y. V. Lata, C. K. B. Tungathurthi, H. R. M. Rao, A. Govardhan, and L. P. Reddy. 2009. Facial Recognition using Eigenfaces by PCA. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1.","journal-title":"International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.000519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"IDT workshop on interesting results in computer science and engineering.","author":"Hiremath V.","unstructured":"V. Hiremath , and A. Mayakar . 2009. Face recognition using Eigenface approach . In IDT workshop on interesting results in computer science and engineering. V. Hiremath, and A. Mayakar. 2009. Face recognition using Eigenface approach. In IDT workshop on interesting results in computer science and engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.908962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","first-page":"3917","volume-title":"2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.","author":"Tsai P.","unstructured":"P. Tsai , T. Hintz , and T. Jan . 2007. Facial behavior as behavior biometric? An empirical study . In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. pp. 3917 -- 3922 . P. Tsai, T. Hintz, and T. Jan. 2007. Facial behavior as behavior biometric? An empirical study. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. pp. 3917--3922."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS)","author":"Dhavalikar A. S.","unstructured":"A. S. Dhavalikar , and R. K. Kulkarni . 2014. Face detection and facial expression recognition system . In Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS) , pp. 1 -- 7 . A. S. Dhavalikar, and R. K. Kulkarni. 2014. Face detection and facial expression recognition system. In Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS), pp. 1--7."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Facial expression recognition for security","volume":"2","author":"Butalia M. A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. A. Butalia , M. Ingle , and P. Kulkarni . 2012 . Facial expression recognition for security . International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) , vol. 2 , pp. 1449 -- 1453 . M. A. Butalia, M. Ingle, and P. Kulkarni. 2012. Facial expression recognition for security. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), vol. 2, pp. 1449--1453.","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Application Authentication: Facial Expression Password","author":"Kaliyaperumal B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"B. Kaliyaperumal , and M. Rajasekaran . 2014 . Application Authentication: Facial Expression Password .,\" International Conference Image Processing, Computers and Industrial Engineering. , pp. 135 -- 138 . B. Kaliyaperumal, and M. Rajasekaran. 2014. Application Authentication: Facial Expression Password.,\" International Conference Image Processing, Computers and Industrial Engineering., pp. 135--138.","journal-title":"International Conference Image Processing, Computers and Industrial Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","author":"Tie Y.","unstructured":"Y. Tie , and L. Guan , Automatic landmark point detection and tracking for human facial expressions , EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing , vol. 1 , no. 1, pp. 1--15, 2013. Y. Tie, and L. Guan, Automatic landmark point detection and tracking for human facial expressions, EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1--15, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"94","volume-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision Springer International Publishing","author":"Zhang Z.","unstructured":"Z. Zhang , P. Luo , C. C. Loy , and X. Tang . 2014. Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning . In European Conference on Computer Vision Springer International Publishing , pp. 94 -- 108 . Z. Zhang, P. Luo, C. C. Loy, and X. Tang. 2014. Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning. In European Conference on Computer Vision Springer International Publishing, pp. 94--108."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.58"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen. 1977. Facial actio'n coding system. Oxford University Press USA.  P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen. 1977. Facial actio'n coding system. Oxford University Press USA.","DOI":"10.1037\/t27734-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings 11th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence","author":"Pantic M.","unstructured":"M. Pantic , and L. J. Rothkrantz . 1999. An expert system for multiple emotional classification of facial expressions . In Proceedings 11th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence , pp. 113 -- 120 . M. Pantic, and L. J. Rothkrantz. 1999. An expert system for multiple emotional classification of facial expressions. In Proceedings 11th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, pp. 113--120."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.05.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001408006284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77326-1","volume-title":"Introduction to biometrics: Springer Science & Business Media","author":"Jain A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"A. Jain , A. A. Ross , and K. Nandakumar , Introduction to biometrics: Springer Science & Business Media , 2011 . A. Jain, A. A. Ross, and K. Nandakumar, Introduction to biometrics: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011."}],"event":{"name":"IMCOM '17: The 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication","location":"Beppu Japan","acronym":"IMCOM '17","sponsor":["SIGAPP ACM Special Interest Group on Applied Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3022227.3022247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3022227.3022247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:23:32Z","timestamp":1750220612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3022227.3022247"}},"subtitle":["a proposed model"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3022227.3022247","10.1145\/3022227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3022227.3022247","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}