{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T19:24:06Z","timestamp":1776626646599,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":57,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027406","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T13:10:59Z","timestamp":1488201059000},"page":"46-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["An elephant in the learning analytics room"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Prinsloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Africa, Unisa, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10982-005-0844-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Altbach P.G. Reisberg L. & Rumbley L.E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. Retrieved from http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0018\/001831\/183168e.pdf  Altbach P.G. Reisberg L. & Rumbley L.E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. Retrieved from http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0018\/001831\/183168e.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Learning Africa Conference","author":"Baijnath N.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Exploring options for students at the boundaries of the\" at-risk\" designation","volume":"33","author":"Blythe S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"WPA: Writing Program Administration-Journal of the Council of Writing Program Administrators"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-0355(99)00032-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01576.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Braxton J.M. (Ed.). (2000). Reworking the student departure puzzle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.  Braxton J.M. (Ed.). (2000). Reworking the student departure puzzle. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02680513.2014.931805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Crawford K. & Whittaker M. (2016 September 12). Artificial intelligence is hard to see. Why we urgently need to measure AI's societal impacts. {Web log post}. Medium. Retrieved from https:\/\/medium.com\/@katecrawford\/artificial-intelligence-is-hard-to-see-a71e74f386db#.wi7sq513a  Crawford K. & Whittaker M. (2016 September 12). Artificial intelligence is hard to see. Why we urgently need to measure AI's societal impacts. {Web log post}. Medium. Retrieved from https:\/\/medium.com\/@katecrawford\/artificial-intelligence-is-hard-to-see-a71e74f386db#.wi7sq513a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Creswell J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design. Choosing among five approaches 2nd edition London UK: SAGE Publications.  Creswell J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design. Choosing among five approaches 2nd edition London UK: SAGE Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Danaher J. (2015 June 15). How might algorithms rule our lives? Mapping the logical space of algocracy. {Web log post}. Retrieved from http:\/\/philosophicaldisquisitions.blogspot.co.za\/2015\/06\/how-might-algorithms-rule-our-lives.html  Danaher J. (2015 June 15). How might algorithms rule our lives? Mapping the logical space of algocracy. {Web log post}. Retrieved from http:\/\/philosophicaldisquisitions.blogspot.co.za\/2015\/06\/how-might-algorithms-rule-our-lives.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"S. Schwarz & U","author":"El-Khawas E.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTEL.2012.051816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v15i5.1954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-014-0822-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Gilligan C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.  Gilligan C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Godor B. P. (2016). Academic fatalism: applying Durkheim's fatalistic suicide typology to student drop-out and the climate of higher education. Interchange 1--13.  Godor B. P. (2016). Academic fatalism: applying Durkheim's fatalistic suicide typology to student drop-out and the climate of higher education. Interchange 1--13."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Translating Learning into Numbers: Toward a Generic Framework for Learning Analytics","volume":"15","author":"Greller W.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Griffiths D. Drachsler H. Kickmeier-Rust M. Hoel T. & Greller W. (2016). Is privacy a show-stopper for learning analytics? A review of current issues and solutions. Learning Analytics Review 6. LACE. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.laceproject.eu\/learning-analytics-review\/is-privacy-a-show-stopper\/  Griffiths D. Drachsler H. Kickmeier-Rust M. Hoel T. & Greller W. (2016). Is privacy a show-stopper for learning analytics? A review of current issues and solutions. Learning Analytics Review 6. LACE. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.laceproject.eu\/learning-analytics-review\/is-privacy-a-show-stopper\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Herodotou C. Rienties B Boroowa A. Zdrahal Z. Hlosta M. Naydenova G. (2016) Using Predictive Learning Analytics to Support Just-in-time Interventions: The Teachers' Perspective. To be submitted to Teaching and Teacher Education.  Herodotou C. Rienties B Boroowa A. Zdrahal Z. Hlosta M. Naydenova G. (2016) Using Predictive Learning Analytics to Support Just-in-time Interventions: The Teachers' Perspective. To be submitted to Teaching and Teacher Education."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmann T. (2016). The impact of ICT on the costs and economics of distance education: A review of the literature. Retrieved from http:\/\/oasis.col.org\/handle\/11599\/2047  H\u00fclsmann T. (2016). The impact of ICT on the costs and economics of distance education: A review of the literature. Retrieved from http:\/\/oasis.col.org\/handle\/11599\/2047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2016.1191408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitchen R. (2014). The data revolution. Big data open data data infrastructures and their consequences. London UK: Sage.  Kitchen R. (2014). The data revolution. Big data open data data infrastructures and their consequences. London UK: Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473909472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"S. Schwarz & U","author":"Kogan M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0951839900030105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2014.917706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Suicide on campus: The appropriate legal responsibility of college personnel","volume":"91","author":"Massie A. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Marq. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/293495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Open University. (2014). Policy on ethical use of student data for learning analytics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/students\/charter\/sites\/www.open.ac.uk.students.charter\/files\/files\/ecms\/web-content\/ethical-use-of-student-data-policy.pdf  Open University. (2014). Policy on ethical use of student data for learning analytics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/students\/charter\/sites\/www.open.ac.uk.students.charter\/files\/files\/ecms\/web-content\/ethical-use-of-student-data-policy.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Open University Tutor (Associate Lecturer) Support Statement (2012). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/students\/charter\/sites\/www.open.ac.uk.students.charter\/files\/files\/ecms\/web-content\/tutor-support-statement.pdf  Open University Tutor (Associate Lecturer) Support Statement (2012). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/students\/charter\/sites\/www.open.ac.uk.students.charter\/files\/files\/ecms\/web-content\/tutor-support-statement.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Open University Terms and Conditions of Service for Associate Lecturers (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/intranet6.open.ac.uk\/student-services\/main\/sites\/intranet6.open.ac.uk.student-services.main\/files\/files\/ecms\/web-content\/associate-lecturers\/al-services\/AL-Terms-and-conditions-April-2016.pdf  Open University Terms and Conditions of Service for Associate Lecturers (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/intranet6.open.ac.uk\/student-services\/main\/sites\/intranet6.open.ac.uk.student-services.main\/files\/files\/ecms\/web-content\/associate-lecturers\/al-services\/AL-Terms-and-conditions-April-2016.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Patton MC. 2008. Utilization-focused evaluation. {4th edition}. London UK: Sage.  Patton MC. 2008. Utilization-focused evaluation. {4th edition}. London UK: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Jan Botha & Nicole Muller (Eds.), Institutional Research in support of evidence-based decision-making in Higher Education in Southern Africa (pp. 331--353). Stellenbosch","author":"Prinsloo","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Prinsloo P. (2016b October 5). The increasing (im)possibilities of justice and care in open distance learning. Presentation at EDEN Research Workshop Oldenburg Germany. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/prinsp\/the-increasing-impossibilities-of-justice-and-care-in-open-distance-learning  Prinsloo P. (2016b October 5). The increasing (im)possibilities of justice and care in open distance learning. Presentation at EDEN Research Workshop Oldenburg Germany. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/prinsp\/the-increasing-impossibilities-of-justice-and-care-in-open-distance-learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Educational triage in higher online education: walking a moral tightrope","volume":"14","author":"Prinsloo P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open Distributed Learning (IRRODL)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Developing Effective Educational Experiences through Learning Analytics (pp. 174--192).","author":"Prinsloo P.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2014.881394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Sclater N. (2015 March 3). Effective learning analytics. A taxonomy of ethical legal and logistical issues in learning analytics v1.0. JISC. Retrieved from https:\/\/analytics.jiscinvolve.org\/wp\/2015\/03\/03\/a-taxonomy-of-ethical-legal-and-logistical-issues-of-learning-analytics-v1-0\/  Sclater N. (2015 March 3). Effective learning analytics. A taxonomy of ethical legal and logistical issues in learning analytics v1.0. JISC. Retrieved from https:\/\/analytics.jiscinvolve.org\/wp\/2015\/03\/03\/a-taxonomy-of-ethical-legal-and-logistical-issues-of-learning-analytics-v1-0\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","article-title":"Guest editors' preface to the special issue on MOOCs: an academic perspective on an emerging technological and social trend","author":"Siemens G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 9(2), iii--vi."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Learning analytics: ethical issues and dilemmas","volume":"57","author":"Slade S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"683","article-title":"Islands in a sea of obligation: limits of the duty to rescue","volume":"19","author":"Schmidtz D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Law and Philosophy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson O. (2013). Supporting students in online open and distance learning. London UK: Routledge.  Simpson O. (2013). Supporting students in online open and distance learning . London UK: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203062395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Sontag D. (2002 April 28). Who was responsible for Elizabeth Shin? The New York Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/04\/28\/magazine\/who-was-responsible-for-elizabeth-shin.html  Sontag D. (2002 April 28). Who was responsible for Elizabeth Shin? The New York Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/04\/28\/magazine\/who-was-responsible-for-elizabeth-shin.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2011.584846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543045001089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Thomas G. (2011). How to do your case study. A guide for students and researchers London UK: Sage.  Thomas G. (2011). How to do your case study. A guide for students and researchers London UK: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Tyson C. (2014 September 10). The 'murky' middle. Inside HigherEd. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2014\/09\/10\/maximize-graduation-rates-colleges-should-focus-middle-range-students-research-shows  Tyson C. (2014 September 10). The 'murky' middle. Inside HigherEd. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2014\/09\/10\/maximize-graduation-rates-colleges-should-focus-middle-range-students-research-shows"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Velasquez M. Andre C. Shanks T.S.J. & Meyer M.J. (2015 August 1). Thinking ethically. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.scu.edu\/ethics\/ethics-resources\/ethical-decision-making\/thinking-ethically\/  Velasquez M. Andre C. Shanks T.S.J. & Meyer M.J. (2015 August 1). Thinking ethically. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.scu.edu\/ethics\/ethics-resources\/ethical-decision-making\/thinking-ethically\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Willis J. E. Slade S. & Prinsloo P. (2016). Ethical oversight of student data in learning analytics: a typology derived from a cross-continental cross-institutional perspective. Educational Technology Research and Development 1--21.  Willis J. E. Slade S. & Prinsloo P. (2016). Ethical oversight of student data in learning analytics: a typology derived from a cross-continental cross-institutional perspective. Educational Technology Research and Development 1--21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Workshop: Machine Learning and Learning. Presented at the Learning Analytics and Knowledge","author":"Wolff A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"World Bank. (2016). Digital dividends. Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/wdr2016.  World Bank. (2016). Digital dividends. Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/wdr2016."}],"event":{"name":"LAK '17: 7th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","location":"Vancouver British Columbia Canada","acronym":"LAK '17"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Seventh International Learning Analytics &amp; Knowledge Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3027385.3027406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3027406&ftid=1848376&dwn=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:03:05Z","timestamp":1750215785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3027385.3027406"}},"subtitle":["the obligation to act"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3027385.3027406","10.1145\/3027385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3027385.3027406","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]}}}