{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:45:13Z","timestamp":1763459113561,"version":"3.45.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":25,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUE-1347697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUE-1347697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027418","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T08:10:59Z","timestamp":1488183059000},"page":"299-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Building a transcript of the future"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Benjamin P.","family":"Koester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Fogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"William","family":"Murdock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Grom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"What are grades made of? The journal of economic perspectives: a journal of the American Economic Association, 23(3):77","author":"Achen A. C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. C. Achen and P. N. Courant. What are grades made of? The journal of economic perspectives: a journal of the American Economic Association, 23(3):77, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Jossey-Bass","author":"Astin A. W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"A. W. Astin. What matters in college: Four critical years revisited. Jossey-Bass, 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2014.982528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"A. L. e. Brown, and R. R. e. Cocking. How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school","author":"J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"J. D. e. Bransford, A. L. e. Brown, and R. R. e. Cocking. How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. National Academy Press, 1999."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Adjusting gpa to reflect course difficulty","author":"Caulkins J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"J. Caulkins, P. Larkey, and J. Wei. Adjusting gpa to reflect course difficulty, 1996. Working Paper, Carnegie Mellon University, The Heinz School of Public Policy and Management, retreived on Jan 17, 2017 from http:\/\/repository.cmu.edu\/heinzworks\/42\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Median Grades for Undergraduate Courses, 2015","author":"Dartmouth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dartmouth Office of the Registrar. Median Grades for Undergraduate Courses, 2015. Retreived on Jan 19, 2017 from http:\/\/www.dartmouth.edu\/reg\/transcript\/medians\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312011004343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The Chronicle of Higher Education","author":"Gose B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"B. Gose. Duke rejects plan to alter calculation of grade-point averages. The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 1997."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Documenting holistic higher education","volume":"34","author":"Gutowski J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. Gutowski. Co-curricular transcripts: Documenting holistic higher education. The Bulletin, 34(5), 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2017 from http:\/\/www.acui.org\/publications\/bulletin\/article.aspx?issue=306id=1900.","journal-title":"The Bulletin"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/tsr.30215","article-title":"Support campuswide educational goals with transcript enhancements","volume":"16","author":"Hope J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Hope. Support campuswide educational goals with transcript enhancements. The Successful Registrar, 16(7):1--5, 1 Sept. 2016.","journal-title":"The Successful Registrar"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1030037959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Grade inflation: A crisis in college education","author":"Johnson V. E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"V. E. Johnson. Grade inflation: A crisis in college education. Springer Science & Business Media, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200510000-00010"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Assessing grading","volume":"21","author":"Knapp C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"C. Knapp. Assessing grading. Public Affairs Quarterly, 21(3):275--294, 2007.","journal-title":"Public Affairs Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Department of Social and Decision Sciences","author":"Larkey P. D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"P. D. Larkey and J. P. Caulkins. Incentives to fail. H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 1992."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12988\/imf.2014.46117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.28.712.243"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"The benefits of e-portfolios for students and faculty in their own words","volume":"11","author":"Miller R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"R. Miller and W. Morgaine. The benefits of e-portfolios for students and faculty in their own words. Peer Review, 11(1):8, 2009.","journal-title":"Peer Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Retreived","author":"A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. of American Colleges and Universities. The leap vision for learning: Outcomes, practices, impact, and employers' views, 2011. Retreived Jan 19, 2017 from https:\/\/www.aacu.org\/publications-research\/publications\/leap-vision-learning-outcomes-practices-impact-and-employers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"E-portfolios. Retrieved on","author":"A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. of American Colleges Universities. E-portfolios. Retrieved on Jan 19, 2017 from https:\/\/www.aacu.org\/eportfolios."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1984802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Retreived on","author":"Princeton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Princeton Office of the Dean of the College. Grading at Princeton, 2015. Retreived on Jan. 19, 2017 from http:\/\/odoc.princeton.edu\/faculty-staff\/grading-princeton."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.cbe-14-03-0054"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Penetrating the fog: Analytics in learning and education","volume":"46","author":"Siemens G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"G. Siemens and P. Long. Penetrating the fog: Analytics in learning and education. EDUCAUSE review, 46(5):30, 2011.","journal-title":"EDUCAUSE review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.1990.tb00741.x"}],"event":{"name":"LAK '17: 7th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","acronym":"LAK '17","location":"Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Seventh International Learning Analytics & Knowledge Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3027385.3027418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3027385.3027418","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3027385.3027418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:40:16Z","timestamp":1763458816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3027385.3027418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3027385.3027418","10.1145\/3027385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3027385.3027418","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-03-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}