{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:52:32Z","timestamp":1780444352089,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1329702 and CNS-1446117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1329702 and CNS-1446117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LG Chemistry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell imbalance in large battery packs degrades their capacity delivery, especially for cells connected in series where the weakest cell dominates their overall capacity. In this article, we present a case study of exploiting system reconfigurations to mitigate the cell imbalance in battery packs. Specifically, instead of using all the cells in a battery pack to support the load, selectively skipping cells to be discharged may actually enhance the pack\u2019s capacity delivery. Based on this observation, we propose CSR, a Cell Skipping-assisted Reconfiguration algorithm that identifies the system configuration with (near)-optimal capacity delivery. We evaluate CSR using large-scale emulation based on empirically collected discharge traces of 40 lithium-ion cells. CSR achieves close-to-optimal capacity delivery when the cell imbalance in the battery pack is low and improves the capacity delivery by about 20% and up to 1x in the case of a high imbalance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3035539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T08:06:52Z","timestamp":1488182812000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Case Study on Improving Capacity Delivery of Battery Packs via Reconfiguration"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang G.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"AA1Car. 2016. Honda Civic Hybrid Battery Failure. (Retrieved from http:\/\/www.aa1car.com\/library\/honda_civic_hybrid_battery.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2007.11.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anirudh Badam Ranveer Chandra Jon Dutra Anthony Ferrese Steve Hodges Pan Hu Julia Meinershagen Thomas Moscibroda Bodhi Priyantha1 and Evangelia Skiani. 2015. Software defined batteries. In SOSP\u201915. 10.1145\/2815400.2815429","DOI":"10.1145\/2815400.2815429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolfgang Banzhaf Peter Nordin Robert Keller and Frank Francone. 1998. Genetic Programming -- An Introduction. Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.5555\/280485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Battery Power Management for Portable Devices","author":"Barsukov Yevgen","unstructured":"Yevgen Barsukov and Jinrong Qian. 2013. Battery Power Management for Portable Devices. Artech House, Chapter 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-007-0449-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Notten","author":"Bergveld Henk Jan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Henk Jan Bergveld, Wanda S. Kruijt, and Peter H. L. Notten. 2002. Battery Management Systems: Design by Modeling. Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Bradley Berman. 2012. Tesla Battery Failures Make Bricking a Buzzword. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/03\/04\/automobiles\/Tesla-Battery-Failures-Make-Bricking-a-Buzzword.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2013.2282367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song Ci Jiucai Zhang Hamid Sharif and Mahmoud Alahmad. 2012a. Dynamic reconfigurable multi-cell battery: A novel approach to improve battery performance. In APEC\u201912.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2012.6165857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Song Ci Jiucai Zhang Hamid Sharif and Mahmoud Alahmadu. 2012b. A novel design of adaptive reconfigurable multiple battery for power-aware embedded networked sensing systems. In GLOBECOM\u201912."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Battery cell balancing for improved performance in EVs. Electronic Products Magazine","author":"Goldberg Lee H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee H. Goldberg. 2011. Battery cell balancing for improved performance in EVs. Electronic Products Magazine (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang He Lipeng Gu Linghe Kong Yu Gu Cong Liu and Tian He. 2013. Exploring adaptive reconfiguration to optimize energy efficiency in large-scale battery systems. In RTSS\u201913. 10.1109\/RTSS.2013.20","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2013.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2735960.2735967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Shin","author":"He Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang He, Eugene Kim, and Kang G. Shin. 2016. Resting weak cells to improve battery pack\u2019s capacity delivery via reconfiguration. In ICCPS\u201916."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang He Linghe Kong Siyu Lin Shaodong Ying Yu Gu Tian He and Cong Liu. 2014. Reconfiguration-assisted charging in large-scale Lithium-ion battery systems. In ICCPS\u201914. 10.1109\/ICCPS.2014.6843711","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPS.2014.6843711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPS.2012.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2009.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1795194.1795219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"A hybrid battery model capable of capturing dynamic circuit characteristics and nonlinear capacity effects. Master Thesis","author":"Kim Taesic","unstructured":"Taesic Kim. 2012. A hybrid battery model capable of capturing dynamic circuit characteristics and nonlinear capacity effects. Master Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taesic Kim Wei Qiao and Liyan Qu. 2012. A series-connected self-reconfigurable multicell battery capable of safe and effective charging\/discharging and balancing operations. In APEC\u201912.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2012.6166137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Younghyun Kim Sangyoung Park Yanzhi Wang Qing Xie Naehyuck Chang Massimo Poncino and Massoud Pedram. 2011. Balanced reconfiguration of storage banks in a hybrid electrical energy storage system. In ICCAD\u201911.","DOI":"10.5555\/2132325.2132466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2235083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Reconfigurable battery system for ultra fast charging of industrial electric vehicles. Master Thesis","author":"Modenaar B. A. M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"B. A. M. Modenaar. 2010. Reconfigurable battery system for ultra fast charging of industrial electric vehicles. Master Thesis, Delft University of Technology (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en6115625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Delyan Raychev Youhuizi Li and Weisong Shi. 2011. The seventh cell of a six-cell battery. In WEED\u201911."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Vatanparvar and M. A. Al Faruque. 2015. Battery lifetime-aware automotive climate control for electric vehicles. In DAC\u201915. 10.1145\/2744769.2744804","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Visairo and P. Kumar. 2008. A reconfigurable battery pack for improving power conversion efficiency in portable devices. In ICCDCS\u201908.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCDCS.2008.4542628"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"WPSAC. 2007. Understanding \u201cArc Flash.\u201d. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/dte\/grant_materials\/fy07\/sh-16615-07\/arc_flash_handout.pdf."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3035539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3035539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3035539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:23:21Z","timestamp":1763457801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3035539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3035539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3035539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2378-962X","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-9638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-12-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-02-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}