{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:29:59Z","timestamp":1783542599036,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]],"date-time":"2017-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["645043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["645043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current hyperconnected era, modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems form sophisticated networks where not only do people interact with other people, but also machines take an increasingly visible and participatory role. Such Human-Machine Networks (HMNs) are embedded in the daily lives of people, both for personal and professional use. They can have a significant impact by producing synergy and innovations. The challenge in designing successful HMNs is that they cannot be developed and implemented in the same manner as networks of machines nodes alone, or following a wholly human-centric view of the network. The problem requires an interdisciplinary approach. Here, we review current research of relevance to HMNs across many disciplines. Extending the previous theoretical concepts of socio-technical systems, actor-network theory, cyber-physical-social systems, and social machines, we concentrate on the interactions among humans and between humans and machines. We identify eight types of HMNs: public-resource computing, crowdsourcing, web search engines, crowdsensing, online markets, social media, multiplayer online games and virtual worlds, and mass collaboration. We systematically select literature on each of these types and review it with a focus on implications for designing HMNs. Moreover, we discuss risks associated with HMNs and identify emerging design and development trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3039868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T12:46:38Z","timestamp":1491396398000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Understanding Human-Machine Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Tsvetkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Yasseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Brian","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Innovation Center, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vegard","family":"Engen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Innovation Center, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Walland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Innovation Center, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"L\u00fcders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rn","family":"F\u00f8lstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Bravos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Technology Center, Chalandri, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-009-0178-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341557"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022145900928"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2013.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GRID.2004.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/581571.581573"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383034.383035"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422308319536"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-005-0052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415170204"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0545"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187907"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0546"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.25627"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1599"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2009.5160922"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Toward a complexity theory of information systems development. Information Technology 8 People 19, 1","author":"Benbya Hind","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. Collins Business","author":"Berners-Lee Tim"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866078"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1453101.1453107"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11421"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02621710610678445"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856507084420"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/288235.288256"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2012.732147"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci900455r"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2488074"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2074196"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4236.769420"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2071389.2071390"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture","author":"Castells Manuel"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"Choosing your network: Social preferences in an online health community. Social Science 8 Medicine (1982) 125","author":"Centola Damon","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2007.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077455"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00114"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2008.4547517"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2006.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Why people continue to play online games: In search of critical design factors to increase customer loyalty to online contents. Cyberpsychology 8 Behavior 7, 1","author":"Choi Dongseong","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.06.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1167838.1167860"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063639"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357335"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09304"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00041-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v10i2.1207"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2089125.2089127"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-012-9241-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5350374"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01376"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eScience.2013.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1924421.1924442"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","unstructured":"Vanessa Doctor. 2013. Hashtag history: When and what started it? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hashtags.org\/featured\/hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it\/.  Vanessa Doctor. 2013. Hashtag history: When and what started it? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hashtags.org\/featured\/hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BTTJ.0000047585.06264.cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"The bitcoin P2P network","author":"Donet Donet Joan Antoni"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031607.1031667"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124834"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240750"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","volume-title":"Starr Roxanne Hiltz, and Katia Passerini","author":"Dwyer Catherine","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39510-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872676501800103"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512437638"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772727"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222250401"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2622633"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","unstructured":"Joe Fortunato. 2013. The hastag: A history deeper than Twitter. (2013). http:\/\/www.copypress.com\/blog\/the-hashtag-a-history-deeper-than-twitter\/.  Joe Fortunato. 2013. The hastag: A history deeper than Twitter. (2013). http:\/\/www.copypress.com\/blog\/the-hashtag-a-history-deeper-than-twitter\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109434200101500302"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","volume-title":"Frey and Reto Jegen","author":"Bruno","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518861"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.6069707"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814450"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","unstructured":"David Geiger Stefan Seedorf Thimo Schulze Robert C. Nickerson and Martin Schader. 2011. Managing the crowd: Towards a taxonomy of crowdsourcing processes. (2011). http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2011_submissions\/430  David Geiger Stefan Seedorf Thimo Schulze Robert C. Nickerson and Martin Schader. 2011. Managing the crowd: Towards a taxonomy of crowdsourcing processes. (2011). http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2011_submissions\/430"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518736"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Ingroups and outgroups. In Inter\/Cultural Communication: Representation and Construction of Culture., Anastacia Kurylo (Ed.). Sage Publications","volume":"7","author":"Giles Howard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chapter"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37210-0_34"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2011.00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1526709.1526761"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0550"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2794400"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz200866s"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1080.0192"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2004.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Hardjono and Brian Weis. 2004. The multicast group security architecture. (2004). https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc3740  Thomas Hardjono and Brian Weis. 2004. The multicast group security architecture. (2004). https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc3740","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3740"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2001.927045"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2011.5767933"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(03)00047-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341558"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/989393.989419"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The rise of crowdsourcing","volume":"14","author":"Howe Jeff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wired Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM\u201913)","author":"Hristova Desislava","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2006.1668400"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1645953.1645966"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1380584.1380585"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDSO.2005.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1837885.1837906"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","volume-title":"Determining the informational, navigational, and transactional intent of web queries. Information Processing 8 Management 44, 3","author":"Jansen Bernard J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370470"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"The emergence and dynamical evolution of complex transport networks from simple low-level behaviours","volume":"6","author":"Jones Jeff","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Unconventional Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","volume-title":"Leonard","author":"Jones Kiku","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2005.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2002.1019292"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPCOM.2004.1458492"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775242"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031362"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1160055"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_116_1","volume-title":"Mobile phone sensing systems: A survey","author":"Khan Wazir Zada","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115898108"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.1412"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441923"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_121_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST\u201911)","author":"Kittur Aniket"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/324133.324140"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218772110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566934"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320040111"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2010.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772751"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2495"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00095-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5560598"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2013.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_132_1","volume-title":"Reassembling the Social\u2014An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory","author":"Latour Bruno"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01059830"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313039111"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2010.5466993"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2015-50742-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_139_1","volume-title":"The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements","author":"Lemonik Arthur Mikaila Mariel"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199664054.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23243"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22946"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2013.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851476.1851489"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00122-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008636108"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2007.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_151_1","first-page":"S186","article-title":"The emergent properties of a dolphin social network","volume":"270","author":"Lusseau David","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2011.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1809400.1809422"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16310-9_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.14.1.91.12814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-51486-4_58"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5594.824"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1298306.1298311"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/567793.567795"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441910"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294215"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753587"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240466"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_165_1","unstructured":"Tom Murray Beverly Woolf Ethan Katsh Leon Osterweil Lori Carlke and Leah Wing. 2014. SoCS: The fourth party: Improving computer-mediated deliberation through cognitive social and emotional support. In Final Report of the Social Deliverative Skills (SoCS) Project. ACM 62.  Tom Murray Beverly Woolf Ethan Katsh Leon Osterweil Lori Carlke and Leah Wing. 2014. SoCS: The fourth party: Improving computer-mediated deliberation through cognitive social and emotional support. In Final Report of the Social Deliverative Skills (SoCS) Project. ACM 62."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.collaboratecom.2014.257245"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450342480"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.68.036122"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.421.0038"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772766"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_171_1","volume-title":"moguls, fashionistas and barons: Economics and ownership in second life. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract&equals;614663","author":"Ondrejka Cory R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914572107"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_174_1","unstructured":"Lawrence Page Sergey Brin Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd. 1999. The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the Web. Retrieved from http:\/\/ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/422\/1\/1999-66.pdf.  Lawrence Page Sergey Brin Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd. 1999. The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the Web. Retrieved from http:\/\/ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090\/422\/1\/1999-66.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.817122"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Filter Bubble: What the Internet is Hiding from You","author":"Pariser Eli","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2693843"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.954607"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.1189"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2014.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979148"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307668"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124108330005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_184_1","volume-title":"Raykar and Shipeng Yu","author":"Vikas","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1756006.1859894"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389007084674"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_187_1","volume-title":"So You\u2019ve Been Publicly Shamed","author":"Ronson Jon"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_188_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Socio-theoretic accounts of IS: The problem of agency","volume":"17","author":"Rose Jeremy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/AMR.1998.926617"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018462108"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1580931"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_192_1","volume-title":"Gribble","author":"Saroiu Stefan","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2013.739883"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020575"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/336992.337035"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1627-9_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/AMR.2007.24348410"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2488078"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0553"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240252818207"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195568"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.480.8803"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41409962"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-014-9271-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2009.11645342","article-title":"Using social network sites: The effects of playfulness, critical mass and trust in a hedonic context","volume":"49","author":"Sledgianowski Deb","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08681-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_208_1","volume-title":"ICIS 2012 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems, 1--18","author":"S\u00f6llner Matthias","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_209_1","volume-title":"Psychology of Trust: New Research","author":"S\u00f6llner Matthias"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2003.1209237"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630102700304"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_212_1","volume-title":"A comparative survey of personalised information retrieval and adaptive hypermedia techniques. Information Processing 8 Management 48, 4","author":"Steichen Ben","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.14.1.5.12810"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_215_1","volume-title":"The Wisdom of Crowds","author":"Surowiecki James"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004008107"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_217_1","unstructured":"Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams. 2011. Wikinomics. Atlantic Books Limited. 300 pages.  Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams. 2011. Wikinomics. Atlantic Books Limited. 300 pages."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_219_1","volume-title":"Hancock","author":"Toma Catalina L.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2433396.2433461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.11.4.342.11872"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160379"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(03)00050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2010.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_227_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM\u201913)","author":"Wang Xinlei","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2004.1301340"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0895330041371321"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_231_1","volume-title":"It is not for fun: An examination of social network site usage. Information 8 Management 49, 5","author":"Xu Chenyan","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2522968.2522977"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_233_1","volume-title":"Motivations for play in online games. Cyberpsychology 8 Behavior 9, 6","author":"Yee Nick","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1526709.1526781"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307671"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2007.1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1948-4682.1069"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3039868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3039868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:36:31Z","timestamp":1750217791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3039868"}},"subtitle":["A Cross-Disciplinary Survey"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"references-count":239,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3039868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3039868","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-04-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}