{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:08:34Z","timestamp":1750306114521,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The significant challenge facing sport science is how to grasp the flow of the game and analyze the situation of amatch. The use of information technology will facilitate to achieve the goal. The technical issues from the practical application perspective can be classified into three main points: computation speed, system size and complex data analysis considering the accuracy. In this paper, for accelerating image recognition and object tracking, we propose a one-dimensional data pipeline architecture on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It satisfies both of high-speed streaming computation and small-sized circuits by considering spatiotemporal data dependence. Volleyball games have been chosen as a target application. The proposed system will identify the position of six volleyball players within real time. The design on an FPGA includes pre-processing, color filtering, digitalization, noise reduction, template matching, and so on. The design was implemented and evaluated on Atlys Spartan-6 FPGA Trainer Board with one XILINX Spartan-6 LX45 FPGA. The computational performance achieves 100 frames per second at SVGA 800 by 600 pixel resolution. And our design has good scalability; the performance can easily be enhanced when the larger FPGA is used. The proposed system is also compact, which is composed of one Atlys board and one Atlys VmodCAM stereo-camera board. The average-accuracy rates of pregame situation and during a match are 87.1% and 65.7%, respectively. Since the input is streaming data, we can improve the accuracy by considering the previous and the next frames. They could be improved to 90.4% and 72.2%, respectively, when we adopt template matching with a moving average filter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3039902.3039917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T13:42:08Z","timestamp":1484660528000},"page":"80-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["FPGA-based Volleyball Player Tracker"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Chengzhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}]},{"given":"Lai Yoong","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan and AIST, Tsukuba, Japan"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"ChyronHego Corporation \"TRACAB Optical Tracking \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/chyronhego.com\/sportsdata\/ tracab. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  ChyronHego Corporation \"TRACAB Optical Tracking \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/chyronhego.com\/sportsdata\/ tracab. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Deltatre \"Digital media broadcast back-end services for sports \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.deltatre.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  Deltatre \"Digital media broadcast back-end services for sports \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.deltatre.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"FIFA \"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.fifa.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  FIFA \"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.fifa.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"UEFA \"the Union of European Football Associations \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.uefa.org\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  UEFA \"the Union of European Football Associations \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.uefa.org\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"FINA \"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Natation \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.fina.org\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  FINA \"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Natation \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.fina.org\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"FIS \"International Ski Federation \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.fis-ski.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  FIS \"International Ski Federation \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.fis-ski.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"IAAF \"International Association of Athletics Federations \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.iaaf.org\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  IAAF \"International Association of Athletics Federations \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.iaaf.org\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"UCI \"Union Cycliste Internationale \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.uci.ch\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  UCI \"Union Cycliste Internationale \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.uci.ch\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Ericsson \"Piero - Broadcast and Media \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/broadcastandmedia\/what-wedo\/piero\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  Ericsson \"Piero - Broadcast and Media \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/broadcastandmedia\/what-wedo\/piero\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Data Project s.r.l. \"DataProject: Sport Software \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.dataproject.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  Data Project s.r.l. \"DataProject: Sport Software \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.dataproject.com\/. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Second Spectrum \"Second Spectrum (former name: PlayfulVision) \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.secondspectrum.com. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  Second Spectrum \"Second Spectrum (former name: PlayfulVision) \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.secondspectrum.com. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVMP.2011.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"E. IWAI \"Expanding the Applications of Stereo Machine Vision \" Altera Corporation 2015.  E. IWAI \"Expanding the Applications of Stereo Machine Vision \" Altera Corporation 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"S. Leibson \"ARM TechCon: EyeTech eye-tracking demo shows the power flexibility of localized video processing \" {online}. Available: https:\/\/forums.xilinx.com\/t5\/Xcell-Daily-Blog\/ARM-TechCon-EyeTech-eye-tracking-demoshows-the-power\/ba-p\/374615. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  S. Leibson \"ARM TechCon: EyeTech eye-tracking demo shows the power flexibility of localized video processing \" {online}. Available: https:\/\/forums.xilinx.com\/t5\/Xcell-Daily-Blog\/ARM-TechCon-EyeTech-eye-tracking-demoshows-the-power\/ba-p\/374615. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"NVIDIA Corporation \"Autonomous Car Development Platform | NVIDIA DRIVE PX \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/object\/drive-px.html. {Access: 30 April 2016}.  NVIDIA Corporation \"Autonomous Car Development Platform | NVIDIA DRIVE PX \" {online}. Available: http:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/object\/drive-px.html. {Access: 30 April 2016}."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"1","author":"Digilent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atlys FPGA Board Reference Manual, 502--178, Digilent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1","author":"Digilent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vmod CAM Reference Manual, 502--179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1177352.1177355"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"A. R. Francois \"Real-Time Multi-Resolution Blob Tracking \" University of Southern California Los Angeles USA 2004.  A. R. Francois \"Real-Time Multi-Resolution Blob Tracking \" University of Southern California Los Angeles USA 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1195991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Y. Chen T. Huang Y. Rui \"Parametric contour tracking using unscented Kalman filter \": International Conference on Image Processing 2002.  Y. Chen T. Huang Y. Rui \"Parametric contour tracking using unscented Kalman filter \": International Conference on Image Processing 2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"93","volume":"6","author":"Takuro T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Shishido I. Kitahara Y. Kameda Y. Ohta \"A Trajectory Estimation Method for Badminton Shuttlecock Utilizing Motion Blur \": Pacific Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology 2013.  H. Shishido I. Kitahara Y. Kameda Y. Ohta \"A Trajectory Estimation Method for Badminton Shuttlecock Utilizing Motion Blur \": Pacific Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-53842-1_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"BenQ \"XL Series User Manual \" BenQ 2013.  BenQ \"XL Series User Manual \" BenQ 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Pan B. Hu \"Robust Occlusion Handling in Object Tracking \": IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2007. ACM  J. Pan B. Hu \"Robust Occlusion Handling in Object Tracking \": IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2007. ACM","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383453"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3039902.3039917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3039902.3039917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:36:31Z","timestamp":1750217791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3039902.3039917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3039902.3039917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3039902.3039917","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0163-5964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-01-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}