{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:46:44Z","timestamp":1775580404294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, a virtual reality system for vocational rehabilitation of individuals with disabilities (VR4VR) is presented. VR4VR uses immersive virtual environments to assess and train individuals with cognitive and physical disabilities. This article focuses on the system modules that were designed and developed for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) population. The system offers training on six vocational skills that were identified as transferrable to and useful in many common jobs. These six transferable skills are cleaning, loading the back of a truck, money management, shelving, environmental awareness, and social skills. This article presents the VR4VR system, the design considerations for the ASD population, and the findings with a cohort of nine neurotypical individuals (control group) and nine high-functioning individuals with ASD (experiment group) who used the system. Good design practices gathered throughout the study are also shared for future virtual reality applications targeting individuals with ASD. Research questions focused on the effectiveness of the virtual reality system on vocational training of high-functioning individuals with ASD and the effect of distracters on task performance of high-functioning individuals with ASD. Follow-up survey results indicated that for individuals with ASD, there was improvement in all of the trained skills. No negative effects of the distracters were observed on the score of individuals with ASD. The proposed VR4VR system was found by professional job trainers to provide effective vocational training for individuals with ASD. The system turned out to be promising in terms of providing an alternative practical training tool for individuals with ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3046786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T12:50:07Z","timestamp":1491483007000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Vocational Rehabilitation of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder with Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6185-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lal","family":"Bozgeyikli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evren","family":"Bozgeyikli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Raij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Redwan","family":"Alqasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Katkoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Autism Speaks. 2013. Family services employment think tank. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.autismspeaks.org\/sites\/default\/files\/as_think_tank_exec_summary_web1.pdf.  Autism Speaks. 2013. Family services employment think tank. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.autismspeaks.org\/sites\/default\/files\/as_think_tank_exec_summary_web1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Autism Speaks. 2014. Autism in big business report. retrieved from https:\/\/www.autismspeaks.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/qbe_large_business_report.pdf.  Autism Speaks. 2014. Autism in big business report. retrieved from https:\/\/www.autismspeaks.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/qbe_large_business_report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: User and Context Diversity","volume":"2","author":"Bian D.","unstructured":"D. Bian , J. W. Wade , L. Zhang , E. Bekele , A. Swanson , J. Ana Crittendon , M. Sarkar , Z. Warren , and N. Sarkar . 2013. A novel virtual reality driving environment for autism intervention . In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: User and Context Diversity , Volume 2 (UAHCI\u201913). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 474--483. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/ D. Bian, J. W. Wade, L. Zhang, E. Bekele, A. Swanson, J. Ana Crittendon, M. Sarkar, Z. Warren, and N. Sarkar. 2013. A novel virtual reality driving environment for autism intervention. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: User and Context Diversity, Volume 2 (UAHCI\u201913). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 474--483. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2769493.2769592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"IEEE Virtual Reality 2016 Conference, Second Workshop on Everyday Virtual Reality.","author":"Bozgeyikli L.","unstructured":"L. Bozgeyikli , E. Bozgeyikli , A. Raij , R. Alqasemi , S. Katkoori , and R. Dubey . Vocational training with immersive virtual reality for individuals with autism: Towards better design practices . IEEE Virtual Reality 2016 Conference, Second Workshop on Everyday Virtual Reality. L. Bozgeyikli, E. Bozgeyikli, A. Raij, R. Alqasemi, S. Katkoori, and R. Dubey. Vocational training with immersive virtual reality for individuals with autism: Towards better design practices. IEEE Virtual Reality 2016 Conference, Second Workshop on Everyday Virtual Reality."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Americans with disabilities","author":"Brault M. W.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. W. Brault . 2012. Americans with disabilities : 2010 . US Census Bureau , Census Brief , 2012. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2012pubs\/p70-131.pdf. M. W. Brault. 2012. Americans with disabilities: 2010. US Census Bureau, Census Brief, 2012. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2012pubs\/p70-131.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2015. Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics Summary. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/news.release\/disabl.nr0.htm.  Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2015. Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics Summary. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bls.gov\/news.release\/disabl.nr0.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1639642.1639648"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0498-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_10_1.1","unstructured":"Y. Cheng C. Huang and C. Yang. 2015. Using a 3D Immersive virtual environment system to enhance social understanding and social skills for children with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 1--15 DOI: 10.1177\/108835761 5583473 10.1177\/108835761"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_10_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Cheng C. Huang and C. Yang. 2015. Using a 3D Immersive virtual environment system to enhance social understanding and social skills for children with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 1--15 DOI: 10.1177\/108835761 5583473","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357615583473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, 93--101","author":"Cromby J. J.","unstructured":"J. J. Cromby , P. J. Standen , J. Newman , and H. Tasker . 1996. Successful transfer to the real world of skills practised in a virtual environment by students with severe learning difficulties . In Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, 93--101 , Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK. J. J. Cromby, P. J. Standen, J. Newman, and H. Tasker. 1996. Successful transfer to the real world of skills practised in a virtual environment by students with severe learning difficulties. In Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, 93--101, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Teaching safety skills to children with autism spectrum disorders: A comparison of strategies","author":"Crumrine D.","unstructured":"D. Crumrine . 2006. Teaching safety skills to children with autism spectrum disorders: A comparison of strategies , Wichita State University . D. Crumrine. 2006. Teaching safety skills to children with autism spectrum disorders: A comparison of strategies, Wichita State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"N. Dahl and A. Arici. 2008. Employment planning for people with autism spectrum disorders. Speak. J. 8.15 157--164.  N. Dahl and A. Arici. 2008. Employment planning for people with autism spectrum disorders. Speak. J. 8.15 157--164."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICDVRAT 2000, the 3rd Int Conf on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies","author":"Dautenhahn K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"K. Dautenhahn . 2000 . Design issues on interactive environments for children with autism . In Proceedings of ICDVRAT 2000, the 3rd Int Conf on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies . University of Reading. K. Dautenhahn. 2000. Design issues on interactive environments for children with autism. In Proceedings of ICDVRAT 2000, the 3rd Int Conf on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies. University of Reading."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2010.5444770"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Use of technology in interventions for children with autism","volume":"1","author":"Goldsmith T. R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"T. R. Goldsmith and L. A. LeBlanc . 2004 . Use of technology in interventions for children with autism . J. Early Intens. Behav. Interv. 1 , 2 , 166. T. R. Goldsmith and L. A. LeBlanc. 2004. Use of technology in interventions for children with autism. J. Early Intens. Behav. Interv. 1, 2, 166.","journal-title":"J. Early Intens. Behav. Interv."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Guidelines for Educating Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010. Virginia department of education office of special education and student services. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.doe.virginia.gov\/special_ed\/disabilities\/autism\/technical_asst_documents\/autism_guidelines.pdf.  Guidelines for Educating Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010. Virginia department of education office of special education and student services. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.doe.virginia.gov\/special_ed\/disabilities\/autism\/technical_asst_documents\/autism_guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b17360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576050200020501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-2010-0502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361307086657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"JAN Job Accommodation Network. Retrieved from http:\/\/askjan.org\/index.html.  JAN Job Accommodation Network. Retrieved from http:\/\/askjan.org\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/IJDHD.2008.7.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24600-5_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Disability","author":"Leonard A.","unstructured":"A. Leonard , P. Mitchell , and S. Parsons . 2002 Finding a place to sit: a preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of virtual environments for social skills training for people with autistic spectrum disorders . In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Disability . Academic Press , 249--257. A. Leonard, P. Mitchell, and S. Parsons. 2002 Finding a place to sit: a preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of virtual environments for social skills training for people with autistic spectrum disorders. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Disability. Academic Press, 249--257."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales","author":"Loewenthal K. M.","unstructured":"K. M. Loewenthal . 2001. An Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales . Psychology Press . K. M. Loewenthal. 2001. An Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Computer-based video instruction to teach young adults with moderate intellectual disabilities to perform multiple step, job tasks in a generalized setting","volume":"42","author":"Mechling L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"L. Mechling and F. Ortega-Hurndon . 2007 . Computer-based video instruction to teach young adults with moderate intellectual disabilities to perform multiple step, job tasks in a generalized setting . Educ. Train. Dev. Disabil. 42 : 24 -- 37 . L. Mechling and F. Ortega-Hurndon. 2007. Computer-based video instruction to teach young adults with moderate intellectual disabilities to perform multiple step, job tasks in a generalized setting. Educ. Train. Dev. Disabil. 42:24--37.","journal-title":"Educ. Train. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"National Council on Disability. 2007. Empowerment for americans with disabilities: Breaking barriers to careers and full employment. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncd.gov\/publications\/2007\/Oct2007.  National Council on Disability. 2007. Empowerment for americans with disabilities: Breaking barriers to careers and full employment. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncd.gov\/publications\/2007\/Oct2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"10 Things your student with autism wishes you knew","volume":"14","author":"Notbohm E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"E. Notbohm . 2005 . 10 Things your student with autism wishes you knew . Child. Voice 14 , 3 , 34. E. Notbohm. 2005. 10 Things your student with autism wishes you knew. Child. Voice 14, 3, 34.","journal-title":"Child. Voice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"O*NET Resource Center. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/overview.html.  O * NET Resource Center. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/overview.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00425.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2011.593831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies. 69--75","author":"Rose F. D.","unstructured":"F. D. Rose , E. Attree , and B. M. Brooks . 1998. Transfer of training from virtual to real environments . In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies. 69--75 . F. D. Rose, E. Attree, and B. M. Brooks. 1998. Transfer of training from virtual to real environments. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies. 69--75."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. M. Roux P. T. Shattuck J. E. Rast J. A. Rava and K. A. Anderson. 2015. National Autism Indicators Report: Transition into Young Adulthood. Life course outcomes research program. A. J. Drexel Autism Institute Drexel University Philadelphia PA.  A. M. Roux P. T. Shattuck J. E. Rast J. A. Rava and K. A. Anderson. 2015. National Autism Indicators Report: Transition into Young Adulthood. Life course outcomes research program. A. J. Drexel Autism Institute Drexel University Philadelphia PA.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/391693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00213624.2002.11506476"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TLD.0000285358.33545.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2470-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172354"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"D. Strickland. 1997. Virtual reality for the treatment of autism. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 81--86.  D. Strickland. 1997. Virtual reality for the treatment of autism. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 81--86."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2892636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4788-7_130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2002-17302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Rehabilitation Act of","author":"U. S. Bureau of Reclamation","year":"1973","unstructured":"U. S. Bureau of Reclamation , Rehabilitation Act of 1973 . 1973. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/cro\/pdfsplus\/rehabact.pdf. U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Rehabilitation Act of 1973. 1973. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.usbr.gov\/cro\/pdfsplus\/rehabact.pdf."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3046786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3046786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:50:24Z","timestamp":1750218624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3046786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3046786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3046786","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}