{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:26:01Z","timestamp":1771950361739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]],"date-time":"2017-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cFondo Supporto alla Ricerca 2015\u201d"},{"name":"\u201cAssistive Technologies on Mobile Devices\u201d"},{"name":"Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research","award":["90RE5008-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90RE5008-01-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2 R01EY018345-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 R01EY018345-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Administration for Community Living's National Institute on Disability"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For blind travelers, finding crosswalks and remaining within their borders while traversing them is a crucial part of any trip involving street crossings. While standard Orientation &amp; Mobility (O&amp;M) techniques allow blind travelers to safely negotiate street crossings, additional information about crosswalks and other important features at intersections would be helpful in many situations, resulting in greater safety and\/or comfort during independent travel. For instance, in planning a trip a blind pedestrian may wish to be informed of the presence of all marked crossings near a desired route.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We have conducted a survey of several O&amp;M experts from the United States and Italy to determine the role that crosswalks play in travel by blind pedestrians. The results show stark differences between survey respondents from the U.S. compared with Italy: the former group emphasized the importance of following standard O&amp;M techniques at all legal crossings (marked or unmarked), while the latter group strongly recommended crossing at marked crossings whenever possible. These contrasting opinions reflect differences in the traffic regulations of the two countries and highlight the diversity of needs that travelers in different regions may have.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To address the challenges faced by blind pedestrians in negotiating street crossings, we devised a computer vision--based technique that mines existing spatial image databases for discovery of zebra crosswalks in urban settings. Our algorithm first searches for zebra crosswalks in satellite images; all candidates thus found are validated against spatially registered Google Street View images. This cascaded approach enables fast and reliable discovery and localization of zebra crosswalks in large image datasets. While fully automatic, our algorithm can be improved by a final crowdsourcing validation. To this end, we developed a Pedestrian Crossing Human Validation web service, which supports crowdsourcing, to rule out false positives and identify false negatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3046790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T12:46:38Z","timestamp":1491396398000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Mind Your Crossings"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Ahmetovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Manduchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Coughlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mascetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037373.2037415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2899475.2899509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2700648.2809847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Massimo Ancillotti and Giuseppe Carmagnini. 2010. La Riforma Del Codice Della Strada. La Nuova Disciplina Dopo La Legge 120\/2010. Maggioli Editore.  Massimo Ancillotti and Giuseppe Carmagnini. 2010. La Riforma Del Codice Della Strada. La Nuova Disciplina Dopo La Legge 120\/2010. Maggioli Editore."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:11(812)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"J. M. Barlow B. L. Bentzen D. Sauerburger and L. Franck. 2010. Teaching travel at complex intersections. Foundations of Orientation and Mobility (2010).  J. M. Barlow B. L. Bentzen D. Sauerburger and L. Franck. 2010. Teaching travel at complex intersections. Foundations of Orientation and Mobility (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661334.2661378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17549451311328808"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2014.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Coughlan","author":"Fusco Giovanni","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9111-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Kotaro Hara Victoria Le Jin Sun David Jacobs and J. Froehlich. 2013b. Exploring early solutions for automatically identifying inaccessible sidewalks in the physical world using google street view. HCI Consortium (2013).  Kotaro Hara Victoria Le Jin Sun David Jacobs and J. Froehlich. 2013b. Exploring early solutions for automatically identifying inaccessible sidewalks in the physical world using google street view. HCI Consortium (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2717513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.","author":"Hochmair Hartwig H.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems","volume":"1","author":"Kamar Ece","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems","volume":"3","author":"Kamar Ece","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41267-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Int. J. Spatial Data Infrastruct. 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