{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:09:57Z","timestamp":1750306197118,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the age of paper versions, dictionaries are often published with anomalies in their content resulting from lexicographer\u2019s mistakes or from the lack of efficiency of automatic enrichment systems. Many of these anomalies are expensive to manually detect and difficult to automatically control, notably with lightly structured models of dictionaries. In this article, we take advantage of the fine structure proposed by the Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) norm to investigate the detection of anomalies in the content of LMF normalized dictionaries. First, we give a theoretical study on the plausible anomalies, such as inconsistency, incoherence, redundancy, and incompleteness. Second, we detail the approach that we propose for the automatic detection of such anomalies. Finally, we report on an experiment carried out on an available normalized dictionary of the Arabic language. The experiment has shown that the proposed approach gives reasonable results in terms of precision and recall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3047406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T12:41:08Z","timestamp":1495197668000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Content of LMF Standardized Dictionaries"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wafa","family":"Wali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRACL Laboratory-University of Sfax"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bilel","family":"Gargouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRACL Laboratory-University of Sfax"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelmajid Ben","family":"Hamadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRACL Laboratory-University of Sfax"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Arabic Dictionary Between the Past and the Present","author":"Alkhatib Adnen","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Adnen Alkhatib . 1967. Arabic Dictionary Between the Past and the Present . Nachiroun Library , Liban . Adnen Alkhatib. 1967. Arabic Dictionary Between the Past and the Present. Nachiroun Library, Liban."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Problems in modern English-Arabic lexicography","volume":"42","author":"Asfour Mohammad","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mohammad Asfour . 2003 . Problems in modern English-Arabic lexicography . Zeitschrift fur Arabische Linguistik 42 , 41 -- 52 . Mohammad Asfour. 2003. Problems in modern English-Arabic lexicography. Zeitschrift fur Arabische Linguistik 42, 41--52.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Arabische Linguistik"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Arab Conference on Information Technology.","author":"Boudlal A.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"A. Boudlal , A. Lakhouaja , A. Mazroui , A. Meziane , M. Bebah , and M. Shoul . 2010. Alkhalil Morpho Sys1: A morphosyntactic analysis system for Arabic texts . In Proceedings of the International Arab Conference on Information Technology. A. Boudlal, A. Lakhouaja, A. Mazroui, A. Meziane, M. Bebah, and M. Shoul. 2010. Alkhalil Morpho Sys1: A morphosyntactic analysis system for Arabic texts. In Proceedings of the International Arab Conference on Information Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation. 63--66","author":"Chen Meilin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meilin Chen . 2006 . An evaluation of the hand-held electronic dictionaries used by Chinese EFL learners . In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation. 63--66 . Meilin Chen. 2006. An evaluation of the hand-held electronic dictionaries used by Chinese EFL learners. In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation. 63--66."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Lessicografia. 141--146","author":"Chiari Isabella","year":"2006","unstructured":"Isabella Chiari . 2006 . Performance evaluation of Italian electronic dictionaries: User\u2019s needs and requirements . In Proceedings of Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Lessicografia. 141--146 . Isabella Chiari. 2006. Performance evaluation of Italian electronic dictionaries: User\u2019s needs and requirements. In Proceedings of Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Lessicografia. 141--146."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1621753.1621757"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/010661ar"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Colloque National sur la Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (CNRIA\u201915)","author":"Mamadou Nguer El Hadji","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Hadji Mamadou Nguer , Mouhamadou Khoule , Mouhamad Ndiankho Thiam , Mbaye Baba Thiam , Ousmane Thiare , and Mame-Thierno Cisse . 2015 . Dictionnaires wolof en ligne: Etat de l\u2019art et perspectives . In Proceedings of Colloque National sur la Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (CNRIA\u201915) . El Hadji Mamadou Nguer, Mouhamadou Khoule, Mouhamad Ndiankho Thiam, Mbaye Baba Thiam, Ousmane Thiare, and Mame-Thierno Cisse. 2015. Dictionnaires wolof en ligne: Etat de l\u2019art et perspectives. In Proceedings of Colloque National sur la Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications (CNRIA\u201915)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards structuring an Arabic English machine readable dictionary using parsing expression grammars","volume":"5","author":"Fayed Diaa Mohamed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diaa Mohamed Fayed , Aly Aly Fahmy , Mohsen Abdelrazek Rashwan , and Wafaa Kamel Fayed . 2014 . Towards structuring an Arabic English machine readable dictionary using parsing expression grammars . International Journal of Computational Linguistics Research 5 , 1, 1 -- 13 . Diaa Mohamed Fayed, Aly Aly Fahmy, Mohsen Abdelrazek Rashwan, and Wafaa Kamel Fayed. 2014. Towards structuring an Arabic English machine readable dictionary using parsing expression grammars. International Journal of Computational Linguistics Research 5, 1, 1--13.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Linguistics Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118712696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Mohamed Rached Hamzaoui. 1986. Arab Dictionary Issues in the Past and the Present. Dar Algarb alislmi Beirut Liban.  Mohamed Rached Hamzaoui. 1986. Arab Dictionary Issues in the Past and the Present. Dar Algarb alislmi Beirut Liban."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490400350X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resource and Evaluation (LREC\u201908)","author":"Isa Maks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maks Isa , Tiberius Carole , and van Veenendaal Remco . 2008 . Standardising bilingual lexical resources according to the Lexicon Markup Framework . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resource and Evaluation (LREC\u201908) . 1723--1727. Maks Isa, Tiberius Carole, and van Veenendaal Remco. 2008. Standardising bilingual lexical resources according to the Lexicon Markup Framework. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resource and Evaluation (LREC\u201908). 1723--1727."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aminul Islam and Diana Inkpen. 2008. Semantic text similarity using corpus-based word similarity and string similarity. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 2 2 10.  Aminul Islam and Diana Inkpen. 2008. Semantic text similarity using corpus-based word similarity and string similarity. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 2 2 10.","DOI":"10.1145\/1376815.1376819"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools.","author":"Khemakhem Aida","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aida Khemakhem , Imen Elleuch , Bilel Gargouri , and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou . 2009 . Towards an automatic conversion approach of editorial Arabic dictionaries into LMF-ISO 24613 standardized model . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools. Aida Khemakhem, Imen Elleuch, Bilel Gargouri, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. 2009. Towards an automatic conversion approach of editorial Arabic dictionaries into LMF-ISO 24613 standardized model. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of la Conference sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN\u201907)","author":"Khemakhem A\u00efda","year":"2007","unstructured":"A\u00efda Khemakhem , Bilel Gargouri , Abdelhamid Abdelwahed , and Gil Francopoulo . 2007 . Mod\u00e9lisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF-ISO 24613 . In Proceedings of la Conference sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN\u201907) . A\u00efda Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Abdelhamid Abdelwahed, and Gil Francopoulo. 2007. Mod\u00e9lisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF-ISO 24613. In Proceedings of la Conference sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN\u201907)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324915000224"},{"volume-title":"Dictionnaires Arabes Bilingues: Presentation Historique et etude Comparative","author":"Khoury Marielle","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Marielle Khoury . 1996. Dictionnaires Arabes Bilingues: Presentation Historique et etude Comparative . University of Ottawa , Canada. Marielle Khoury. 1996. Dictionnaires Arabes Bilingues: Presentation Historique et etude Comparative. University of Ottawa, Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2006.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2007.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Actes de l\u2019atelier Traitment Automatique des Langues Africaines (TALAF\u201911)","author":"Mangeot Mathieu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mathieu Mangeot and Chantal Enguehard . 2011 . Informatisation de dictionnaires langues Africaines-Francais . In Proceedings of Actes de l\u2019atelier Traitment Automatique des Langues Africaines (TALAF\u201911) . 1--11. Mathieu Mangeot and Chantal Enguehard. 2011. Informatisation de dictionnaires langues Africaines-Francais. In Proceedings of Actes de l\u2019atelier Traitment Automatique des Langues Africaines (TALAF\u201911). 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Predicats et quasi-predicats semantiques dans une perspective lexicographique","volume":"37","author":"Melcuk Igor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Igor Melcuk and Alain Polguere . 2008 . Predicats et quasi-predicats semantiques dans une perspective lexicographique . Revue de Linguistique et de Didactique des Langues 37 , 99 -- 114 . Igor Melcuk and Alain Polguere. 2008. Predicats et quasi-predicats semantiques dans une perspective lexicographique. Revue de Linguistique et de Didactique des Langues 37, 99--114.","journal-title":"Revue de Linguistique et de Didactique des Langues"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC\u201914)","author":"Pasha Arfath","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Arfath Pasha , Mohamed Al-Badrashiny , Mona Diab , Ahmed El Kholy , Ramy Eskander , Nizar Habash , Manoj Pooleery , Owen Rambow , and Ryan M. Roth . 2014. Madamira: A fast, comprehensive tool for morphological analysis and disambiguation of arabic . In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC\u201914) . Arfath Pasha, Mohamed Al-Badrashiny, Mona Diab, Ahmed El Kholy, Ramy Eskander, Nizar Habash, Manoj Pooleery, Owen Rambow, and Ryan M. Roth. 2014. Madamira: A fast, comprehensive tool for morphological analysis and disambiguation of arabic. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC\u201914)."},{"volume-title":"Le mot, Les mots, Les bons mots","author":"Polguere Alain","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Alain Polguere . 1992. Remarques sur les reseaux semantiques Sens-Texte . In Le mot, Les mots, Les bons mots , A. Clas (Ed.). Presses de l\u2019Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada , 109--148. Alain Polguere. 1992. Remarques sur les reseaux semantiques Sens-Texte. In Le mot, Les mots, Les bons mots, A. Clas (Ed.). Presses de l\u2019Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada, 109--148."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Arabic Language Processing. 1--10","author":"Reqqass Mohammed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammed Reqqass , Abdelhak Lakhouaja , Azzedine Mazroui , and Mohamed Bebah . 2014 . Conception et r\u00e9alisation dun syst\u00e8me de production de dictionnaires arabes respectant la norme LMF . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Arabic Language Processing. 1--10 . Mohammed Reqqass, Abdelhak Lakhouaja, Azzedine Mazroui, and Mohamed Bebah. 2014. Conception et r\u00e9alisation dun syst\u00e8me de production de dictionnaires arabes respectant la norme LMF. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Arabic Language Processing. 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1225733.1225739"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASIALEX 8th International Conference. 242--252","author":"Wali Wafa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wafa Wali , Bilel Gargouri , and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou . 2013 a. LMF-based approach for detecting semantic anomalies in electronic dictionaries . In Proceedings of the ASIALEX 8th International Conference. 242--252 . Wafa Wali, Bilel Gargouri, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. 2013a. LMF-based approach for detecting semantic anomalies in electronic dictionaries. In Proceedings of the ASIALEX 8th International Conference. 242--252."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP\u201913)","author":"Wali Wafa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wafa Wali , Bilel Gargouri , and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou . 2013 b. Towards detecting anomalies in the content of standardized LMF dictionaries . In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP\u201913) . 719--726. Wafa Wali, Bilel Gargouri, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. 2013b. Towards detecting anomalies in the content of standardized LMF dictionaries. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP\u201913). 719--726."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12096-6_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Arabic Language Processing (CITALA\u201914)","author":"Wali Wafa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wafa Wali , Bilel Gargouri , and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou . 2014 . A system for evaluating the content of LMF Arabic dictionaries . In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Arabic Language Processing (CITALA\u201914) . Wafa Wali, Bilel Gargouri, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. 2014. A system for evaluating the content of LMF Arabic dictionaries. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Arabic Language Processing (CITALA\u201914)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24069-5_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"David Zajic Michael Maxwell David Doermann Paul Rodrigues and Michael Bloodgood. 2014. Correcting errors in digital lexicographic resources using a dictionary manipulation language. arXiv:1410.7787.  David Zajic Michael Maxwell David Doermann Paul Rodrigues and Michael Bloodgood. 2014. Correcting errors in digital lexicographic resources using a dictionary manipulation language. arXiv:1410.7787."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3047406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3047406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:50:25Z","timestamp":1750218625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3047406"}},"subtitle":["A Practical Experiment on Arabic Language"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3047406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3047406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}