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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-powered systems running on scavenged energy will be a key enabler for pervasive computing across the Internet of Things. The variability of input power in energy-harvesting systems limits the effectiveness of static optimizations aimed at maximizing the input-energy-to-computation ratio. We show that the resultant gap between available and exploitable energy is significant, and that energy storage optimizations alone do not significantly close the gap. We characterize these effects on a real, fabricated energy-harvesting system based on a nonvolatile processor. We introduce a unified energy-oriented approach to first optimize the number of backups, by more aggressively using the stored energy available when power failure occurs, and then optimize forward progress via improving the rate of input energy to computation via dynamic voltage and frequency scaling and self-learning techniques. We evaluate combining these schemes and show capture of up to 75.5% of all input energy toward processor computation, an average of 1.54 \u00d7 increase over the best static \u201cForward Progress\u201d baseline system. Notably, our energy-optimizing policy combinations simultaneously improve both the rate of forward progress and the rate of backup events (by up to 60.7% and 79.2% for RF power, respectively, and up to 231.2% and reduced to zero, respectively, for solar power). This contrasts with static frequency optimization approaches in which these two metrics are antagonistic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3077575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T12:51:05Z","timestamp":1494507065000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Dynamic Power and Energy Management for Energy Harvesting Nonvolatile Processor Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kaisheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huichu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Intel Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T.J Watson Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongpan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaykrishnan","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2012.6291980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2359545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1403375.1403404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NEWCAS.2010.5603747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983990.2983995"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS\u201913)","author":"Cui X.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"X. 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