{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T16:23:14Z","timestamp":1779121394591,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]],"date-time":"2017-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1318659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1318659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We deploy GPS hacking in conjunction with location-based mobile apps to passively survey users in targeted geographical regions. Specifically, we investigate surveying students at different college campuses with Yik Yak, an anonymous mobile app that is popular on US college campuses. In addition to being campus centric, Yik Yak\u2019s anonymity allows students to express themselves candidly without self-censorship.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We collect nearly 1.6 million Yik Yak messages (\u201cyaks\u201d) from a diverse set of 45 college campuses in the United States. We use natural language processing to determine the sentiment (positive, negative, or neutral) of all of the yaks. We employ supervised machine learning to predict the gender of the authors of the yaks and then analyze how sentiment differs among the two genders on college campuses. We also use supervised machine learning to classify all the yaks into nine topics and then investigate which topics are most popular throughout the US and how topic popularity varies on the different campuses. The results in this article provide significant insight into how campus culture and student\u2019s thinking varies among US colleges and universities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3078843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T12:23:34Z","timestamp":1504614214000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Taking the Pulse of US College Campuses with Location-Based Anonymous Mobile Apps"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-5069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tehila","family":"Minkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith W.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China; New York University, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2021109.2021114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1461928.1461959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Digiday (February 18","author":"Bilton Ricardo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ricardo Bilton . February 18 , 2016 . How BBC is using Yik Yak to talk to millennials (and get them to talk back) . Digiday (February 18 , 2016). Ricardo Bilton. February 18, 2016. How BBC is using Yik Yak to talk to millennials (and get them to talk back). Digiday (February 18, 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM\u201915)","author":"Correa Denzil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Denzil Correa , Leandro Ara\u00fajo Silva , Mainack Mondal , Fabr\u00edcio Benevenuto , and Krishna P Gummadi . 2015 . The many shades of anonymity: Characterizing anonymous social media content . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM\u201915) . AAAI Press, 71--80. Denzil Correa, Leandro Ara\u00fajo Silva, Mainack Mondal, Fabr\u00edcio Benevenuto, and Krishna P Gummadi. 2015. The many shades of anonymity: Characterizing anonymous social media content. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM\u201915). AAAI Press, 71--80."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Huffington Post Screensense Blog (May 26","author":"Graber Diana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diana Graber . May 26 , 2014 . Yik Yak app makers do the right thing . Huffington Post Screensense Blog (May 26 , 2014). Diana Graber. May 26, 2014. Yik Yak app makers do the right thing. Huffington Post Screensense Blog (May 26, 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Aditya Dev Gupta. 2015. Yak Grabber Python Library. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/adityadevgupta\/cs224u-project\/blob\/master\/YakGrabber.py.  Aditya Dev Gupta. 2015. Yak Grabber Python Library. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/adityadevgupta\/cs224u-project\/blob\/master\/YakGrabber.py."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Matthew Heston and Jeremy Birnholtz. 2016. (In)visible cities: An exploration of social identity anonymity and location-based filtering on Yik Yak. In iConference. iSchools.  Matthew Heston and Jeremy Birnholtz. 2016. (In)visible cities: An exploration of social identity anonymity and location-based filtering on Yik Yak. In iConference. iSchools."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI\u201900)","author":"Japkowicz Nathalie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nathalie Japkowicz . 2000 . The class imbalance problem: Significance and strategies . In Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI\u201900) . 111--117. Nathalie Japkowicz. 2000. The class imbalance problem: Significance and strategies. In Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI\u201900). 111--117."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Mark Hugo Lopez, and Karlo Barrios Marcelo.","author":"Kiesa Abby","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abby Kiesa , Alexander P. Orlowski , Peter Levine , Deborah Both , Emily Hoban Kirby , Mark Hugo Lopez, and Karlo Barrios Marcelo. 2007 . Millennials Talk Politics: A Study of College Student Political Engagement. Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) (2007). Abby Kiesa, Alexander P. Orlowski, Peter Levine, Deborah Both, Emily Hoban Kirby, Mark Hugo Lopez, and Karlo Barrios Marcelo. 2007. Millennials Talk Politics: A Study of College Student Political Engagement. Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Taehoon Kim and Kevin Wurster. 2015. Emoji for Python. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/carpedm20\/emoji\/.  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AAAI Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Tinder and Snapchat among the top 20 apps with highest concentration of millennials. comScore (September 24","author":"Lella Adam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adam Lella . 2015. Venmo, BuzzFeed , Tinder and Snapchat among the top 20 apps with highest concentration of millennials. comScore (September 24 , 2015 ). Adam Lella. 2015. Venmo, BuzzFeed, Tinder and Snapchat among the top 20 apps with highest concentration of millennials. comScore (September 24, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Who spewed that abuse? Anonymous Yik Yak app isn\u2019t telling. New York Times (March 8","author":"Mahler Jonathan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jonathan Mahler . March 8, 2015. Who spewed that abuse? Anonymous Yik Yak app isn\u2019t telling. New York Times (March 8 , 2015 ). Jonathan Mahler. March 8, 2015. Who spewed that abuse? 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Enrollment of the 120 Largest Degree-granting College and University Campuses, by Selected Characteristics and Institution: Fall 2013. Retrieved from https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d14\/tables\/dt14_312.10.asp?"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2337542.2337551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201902)","author":"Pang Bo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bo Pang , Lillian Lee , and Shivakumar Vaithyanathan . 2002 . Thumbs up? sentiment classification using machine learning techniques . In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201902) . Association for Computational Linguistics, 79--86. Bo Pang, Lillian Lee, and Shivakumar Vaithyanathan. 2002. Thumbs up? sentiment classification using machine learning techniques. 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