{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T14:45:09Z","timestamp":1778251509854,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1551850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1551850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U54EB020404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U54EB020404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to monitor eye closures and blink patterns has long been known to enable accurate assessment of fatigue and drowsiness in individuals. Many measures of the eye are known to be correlated with fatigue including coarse-grained measures like the rate of blinks as well as fine-grained measures like the duration of blinks and the extent of eye closures. Despite a plethora of research validating these measures, we lack wearable devices that can continually and reliably monitor them in the natural environment. In this work, we present a low-power system, iLid, that can continually sense fine-grained measures such as blink duration and Percentage of Eye Closures (PERCLOS) at high frame rates of 100fps. We present a complete solution including design of the sensing, signal processing, and machine learning pipeline; implementation on a prototype computational eyeglass platform; and extensive evaluation under many conditions including illumination changes, eyeglass shifts, and mobility. Our results are very encouraging, showing that we can detect blinks, blink duration, eyelid location, and fatigue-related metrics such as PERCLOS with less than a few percent error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3090088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T18:32:46Z","timestamp":1498847566000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["iLid"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Soha","family":"Rostaminia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Addison","family":"Mayberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Marlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Gummeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI): Eye and gaze tracking systems. (28","year":"2007","unstructured":"2007. SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI): Eye and gaze tracking systems. (28 Nov. 2007 ). http:\/\/www.smivision.com\/en.html. 2007. SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI): Eye and gaze tracking systems. (28 Nov. 2007). http:\/\/www.smivision.com\/en.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"2014. Current Centeye Vision Chips. http:\/\/www.centeye.com\/. (22 Feb. 2014).  2014. Current Centeye Vision Chips. http:\/\/www.centeye.com\/. (22 Feb. 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"OmniVision: CMOS VGA (640x480) Image Sensor. (27","year":"2014","unstructured":"2014. OmniVision: CMOS VGA (640x480) Image Sensor. (27 Feb. 2014 ). http:\/\/www.ovt.com\/products\/sensor.php?id=146. 2014. OmniVision: CMOS VGA (640x480) Image Sensor. (27 Feb. 2014). http:\/\/www.ovt.com\/products\/sensor.php?id=146."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"JINS MEME Eyewear. (14","year":"2015","unstructured":"2015. JINS MEME Eyewear. (14 Oct. 2015 ). https:\/\/jins-meme.com\/en\/. 2015. JINS MEME Eyewear. (14 Oct. 2015). https:\/\/jins-meme.com\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"STM3232-bitARMCortex MCUs - STMicroelectronics. (24","year":"2015","unstructured":"2015. STM3232-bitARMCortex MCUs - STMicroelectronics. (24 Mar. 2015 ). Retrieved September 10, 2016 from http:\/\/www.st.com\/stm32. 2015. STM3232-bitARMCortex MCUs - STMicroelectronics. (24 Mar. 2015). Retrieved September 10, 2016 from http:\/\/www.st.com\/stm32."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Tobii Glasses: Mobile Eye Tracker for real world research. (15","year":"2015","unstructured":"2015. Tobii Glasses: Mobile Eye Tracker for real world research. (15 Oct. 2015 ). http:\/\/www.tobii.com. 2015. Tobii Glasses: Mobile Eye Tracker for real world research. (15 Oct. 2015). http:\/\/www.tobii.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Research on Drowsy Driving. (23","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. Research on Drowsy Driving. (23 Jan. 2016 ). http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/Driving+Safety\/Drowsy+Driving\/scope-of-the-problem. 2016. Research on Drowsy Driving. (23 Jan. 2016). http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/Driving+Safety\/Drowsy+Driving\/scope-of-the-problem."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"2016. SMI Eye Tracking Glasses. (2016). http:\/\/www.eyetracking-glasses.com\/products\/eye-tracking-glasses-2-wireless\/technology\/.  2016. SMI Eye Tracking Glasses. (2016). http:\/\/www.eyetracking-glasses.com\/products\/eye-tracking-glasses-2-wireless\/technology\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"2017. Center of Excellence for Mobile Sensor Data-to-Knowledge. (2017). https:\/\/md2k.org.  2017. Center of Excellence for Mobile Sensor Data-to-Knowledge. (2017). https:\/\/md2k.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971712"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Fit-for-duty test for estimation of drivers? sleepiness level: eye movements improve the sleep\/wake predictor. Transportation research part C: emerging technologies 26","author":"Ahlstrom Christer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christer Ahlstrom , Marcus Nystr\u00f6m , Kenneth Holmqvist , Carina Fors , David Sandberg , Anna Anund , G\u00f6ran Kecklund , and Torbj\u00f6rn \u00c5kerstedt . 2013. Fit-for-duty test for estimation of drivers? sleepiness level: eye movements improve the sleep\/wake predictor. Transportation research part C: emerging technologies 26 ( 2013 ), 20--32. Christer Ahlstrom, Marcus Nystr\u00f6m, Kenneth Holmqvist, Carina Fors, David Sandberg, Anna Anund, G\u00f6ran Kecklund, and Torbj\u00f6rn \u00c5kerstedt. 2013. Fit-for-duty test for estimation of drivers? sleepiness level: eye movements improve the sleep\/wake predictor. Transportation research part C: emerging technologies 26 (2013), 20--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"Rizwan Ahmad. 2016. Understanding the Language of the Eye: Detecting and Identifying Eye Events in Real Time via Electrooculography. (2016). http:\/\/www.escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/53n1p2z5  Rizwan Ahmad. 2016. Understanding the Language of the Eye: Detecting and Identifying Eye Events in Real Time via Electrooculography. (2016). http:\/\/www.escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/53n1p2z5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2968219.2968341"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2008.4637622"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(08)03816-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2006.869598"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20080706-5-KR-1001.02170"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409635.1409647"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1735835.1735842"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109980040200300407"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2271052"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, 436--448","author":"Drutarovsky Tomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomas Drutarovsky and Andrej Fogelton . 2014 . Eye blink detection using variance of motion vectors . In European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, 436--448 . Tomas Drutarovsky and Andrej Fogelton. 2014. Eye blink detection using variance of motion vectors. In European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, 436--448."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100048691"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Springer Series in Statistics","volume":"1","author":"Friedman J.","unstructured":"J. Friedman , T. Hastie , and R. Tibshirani . 2001. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction . Springer Series in Statistics , Vol. 1 . J. Friedman, T. Hastie, and R. Tibshirani. 2001. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer Series in Statistics, Vol. 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2968219.2968334"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"blinks, eye-movements, and pupillary movements during performance of a running memory task. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 76, 7","author":"Fukuda Kyosuke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kyosuke Fukuda , John A Stern , Timothy B Brown , and Michael B Russo . 2005. Cognition , blinks, eye-movements, and pupillary movements during performance of a running memory task. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 76, 7 ( 2005 ), C75--C85. Kyosuke Fukuda, John A Stern, Timothy B Brown, and Michael B Russo. 2005. Cognition, blinks, eye-movements, and pupillary movements during performance of a running memory task. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 76, 7 (2005), C75--C85."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"2015 7th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). 767--770","author":"Gao X. Y.","unstructured":"X. Y. Gao , Y. F. Zhang , W. L. Zheng , and B. L. Lu . 2015. Evaluating driving fatigue detection algorithms using eye tracking glasses . In 2015 7th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). 767--770 . X. Y. Gao, Y. F. Zhang, W. L. Zheng, and B. L. Lu. 2015. Evaluating driving fatigue detection algorithms using eye tracking glasses. In 2015 7th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). 767--770."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232222"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396971-2.00007-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990641"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Detecting stress using eye blinks and brain activity from EEG signals. Proceeding of the 1st driver car interaction and interface (DCII 2008)","author":"Haak Martijn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martijn Haak , Steven Bos , Sacha Panic , and LJM Rothkrantz . 2009. Detecting stress using eye blinks and brain activity from EEG signals. Proceeding of the 1st driver car interaction and interface (DCII 2008) ( 2009 ), 35--60. Martijn Haak, Steven Bos, Sacha Panic, and LJM Rothkrantz. 2009. Detecting stress using eye blinks and brain activity from EEG signals. Proceeding of the 1st driver car interaction and interface (DCII 2008) (2009), 35--60."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVES.2007.4456381"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"An improved and portable eye-blink duration detection system to warn of driver fatigue. Instrumentation Science 8 Technology 41, 5","author":"Hsieh Chin-Shun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chin-Shun Hsieh and Cheng-Chi Tai . 2013. An improved and portable eye-blink duration detection system to warn of driver fatigue. Instrumentation Science 8 Technology 41, 5 ( 2013 ), 429--444. Chin-Shun Hsieh and Cheng-Chi Tai. 2013. An improved and portable eye-blink duration detection system to warn of driver fatigue. Instrumentation Science 8 Technology 41, 5 (2013), 429--444."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"SET: a pupil detection method using sinusoidal approximation. Frontiers in neuroengineering 8","author":"Javadi Amir-Homayoun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amir-Homayoun Javadi , Zahra Hakimi , Morteza Barati , Vincent Walsh , and Lili Tcheang . 2015. SET: a pupil detection method using sinusoidal approximation. Frontiers in neuroengineering 8 ( 2015 ). Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Zahra Hakimi, Morteza Barati, Vincent Walsh, and Lili Tcheang. 2015. SET: a pupil detection method using sinusoidal approximation. Frontiers in neuroengineering 8 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Capturing and evaluating blinks from video-based eyetrackers. Behavior research methods 45, 3","author":"Jiang Xianta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xianta Jiang , Geoffrey Tien , Da Huang , Bin Zheng , and M Stella Atkins . 2013. Capturing and evaluating blinks from video-based eyetrackers. Behavior research methods 45, 3 ( 2013 ), 656--663. Xianta Jiang, Geoffrey Tien, Da Huang, Bin Zheng, and M Stella Atkins. 2013. Capturing and evaluating blinks from video-based eyetrackers. Behavior research methods 45, 3 (2013), 656--663."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310029006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00257.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5626013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"Eye blinking as an indicator of fatigue and mental load-a systematic review. Occupational Safety and Hygiene III","author":"Martins R","year":"2015","unstructured":"R Martins and JM Carvalho . 2015. Eye blinking as an indicator of fatigue and mental load-a systematic review. Occupational Safety and Hygiene III ( 2015 ), 231--235. R Martins and JM Carvalho. 2015. Eye blinking as an indicator of fatigue and mental load-a systematic review. Occupational Safety and Hygiene III (2015), 231--235."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594368.2594388"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790096"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2578153.2578177"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990301)85:5<1186::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","volume-title":"Sleep deprivation as an experimental model system for psychosis: Effects on smooth pursuit, prosaccades, and antisaccades. Journal of Psychopharmacology","author":"Meyh\u00f6fer Inga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inga Meyh\u00f6fer , Veena Kumari , Antje Hill , Nadine Petrovsky , and Ulrich Ettinger . 2016. Sleep deprivation as an experimental model system for psychosis: Effects on smooth pursuit, prosaccades, and antisaccades. Journal of Psychopharmacology ( 2016 ), 0269881116675511. Inga Meyh\u00f6fer, Veena Kumari, Antje Hill, Nadine Petrovsky, and Ulrich Ettinger. 2016. Sleep deprivation as an experimental model system for psychosis: Effects on smooth pursuit, prosaccades, and antisaccades. Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016), 0269881116675511."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jnca.2002.0130"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"Electrooculographic and performance indices of fatigue during simulated flight. Biological psychology 42, 3","author":"Morris TL","year":"1996","unstructured":"TL Morris and James C Miller . 1996. Electrooculographic and performance indices of fatigue during simulated flight. Biological psychology 42, 3 ( 1996 ), 343--360. TL Morris and James C Miller. 1996. Electrooculographic and performance indices of fatigue during simulated flight. Biological psychology 42, 3 (1996), 343--360."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRCICN.2015.7434232"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-010-0055-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2009 Workshop on. 1--6.","author":"Picot A.","unstructured":"A. Picot , A. Caplier , and S. Charbonnier . 2009. Comparison between EOG and high frame rate camera for drowsiness detection . In Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2009 Workshop on. 1--6. A. Picot, A. Caplier, and S. Charbonnier. 2009. Comparison between EOG and high frame rate camera for drowsiness detection. In Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2009 Workshop on. 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2009.5403120"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701817062"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701817062"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2003.821342"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v26n01_01"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","volume-title":"United States., and Civil Aeromedical Institute","author":"Stern J. A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"J. A. Stern , D. Boyer , David J. Schroeder , United States., and Civil Aeromedical Institute . 1994 . Blink rate as a measure of fatigue {microform}: a review \/ J.A. Stern, D. Boyer, D.J. Schroeder. U.S. Dept . of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine; Available to the public through the National Technical Information Service Washington, D.C.: Springfield, Va. i, 12 p.; pages. http:\/\/purl.access.gpo.gov\/GPO\/LPS84339 J. A. Stern, D. Boyer, David J. Schroeder, United States., and Civil Aeromedical Institute. 1994. Blink rate as a measure of fatigue {microform}: a review \/ J.A. Stern, D. Boyer, D.J. Schroeder. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine; Available to the public through the National Technical Information Service Washington, D.C.: Springfield, Va. i, 12 p.; pages. http:\/\/purl.access.gpo.gov\/GPO\/LPS84339"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04667-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"Mark nad, Scott Johnston, Michael J. Goodman, and Walter W. Wierwille.","author":"Tijernia Louis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Louis Tijernia , Stoltzfus Duane Gleckler , Mark nad, Scott Johnston, Michael J. Goodman, and Walter W. Wierwille. 1999 . A Preliminary Assessment of Algorithms for Drowsy and Inattentive Driver Detection on the Road. Technical Report. Springfield VA. Louis Tijernia, Stoltzfus Duane Gleckler, Mark nad, Scott Johnston, Michael J. Goodman, and Walter W. Wierwille. 1999. A Preliminary Assessment of Algorithms for Drowsy and Inattentive Driver Detection on the Road. Technical Report. Springfield VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857520"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","unstructured":"W. W. Wierwille S. S. Wreggit C. L. Kirn L. A. Ellsworth and R. J. Fairbanks. 1994. Research on Vehicle-Based Driver Status\/Performance Monitoring; Development Validation and Refinement of Algorithms For Detection of Driver Drowsiness. Technical Report. Springfield VA.  W. W. Wierwille S. S. Wreggit C. L. Kirn L. A. Ellsworth and R. J. Fairbanks. 1994. Research on Vehicle-Based Driver Status\/Performance Monitoring; Development Validation and Refinement of Algorithms For Detection of Driver Drowsiness. Technical Report. Springfield VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm205"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/823695"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","volume-title":"Information and Automation, 2008. ICIA 2008. International Conference on. IEEE, 170--174","author":"Xu Cui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cui Xu , Ying Zheng , and Zengfu Wang . 2008 . Efficient eye states detection in real-time for drowsy driving monitoring system . In Information and Automation, 2008. ICIA 2008. International Conference on. IEEE, 170--174 . Cui Xu, Ying Zheng, and Zengfu Wang. 2008. Efficient eye states detection in real-time for drowsy driving monitoring system. In Information and Automation, 2008. ICIA 2008. International Conference on. IEEE, 170--174."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2462456.2465428"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3090088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3090088","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3090088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:23:47Z","timestamp":1750220627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3090088"}},"subtitle":["Low-power Sensing of Fatigue and Drowsiness Measures on a Computational Eyeglass"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3090088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3090088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}