{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:09:32Z","timestamp":1774631372055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,16]],"date-time":"2017-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TG\/2014\/Tech-D\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TG\/2014\/Tech-D\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NVIDIA Corporation","award":["Nvidia Titan X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nvidia Titan X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sign language is the primary communication medium of the aurally handicapped community. Often, a sign gesture is mapped to a word or a phrase in a spoken language and named as a conversational sign. A fingerspelling sign is a special sign derived to show a single character that matches a character in the alphabet of a given language. This enables the deaf community to express words that do not have a conversational sign, such as a name, using a letter-by-letter technique. Sinhala Sign Language (SSL) uses a phonetic pronunciation mechanism to decode such words due to the presence of one or more modifiers after a consonant. Expressing numbers also have a similar notation, and it is broken down into parts before interpretation in sign gestures.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article presents the variations implemented to make the 3D avatar-based interpreter system look similar to an actual fingerspelled SSL by a human interpreter. To accomplish the task, a phonetic English-based 3D avatar animation system is developed with Blender animation software. The conversion of Sinhala Unicode text to phonetic English and numbers written in digits to sign gestures is done with a Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) application. The presented application has 61 SSL fingerspelling signs and 40 SSL number signs. It is capable of interpreting any word written using the modern Sinhala alphabet without conversational signs and interprets the numbers that go up to the billions. This is a helpful tool in teaching SSL fingerspelling and number signs of SSL to deaf children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3092743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T11:49:04Z","timestamp":1503575344000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Animation of Fingerspelled Words and Number Signs of the Sinhala Sign Language"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Malinda","family":"Punchimudiyanse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravinda Gayan Narendra","family":"Meegama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Samarakoon et al. (Eds.)","author":"Premasiri M. Ranaweera","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Sri Lanka. Retrieved","author":"Ed Adam Stone","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2015.7399026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2015.7399027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"University of Colombo School of Computing. Retrieved","author":"Wasala Asanka","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Stone Adam","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Unicode Inc.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Solina S. Krapez A. Jakic and V. Komac. 2000. Multimedia dictionary and synthesis of sign language. In Design Management of Multimedia Information Systems: Opportunities and Challenges Syed Mahbubur Rahman (Ed.). IDEA Group Publishing United States 268--281.   F. Solina S. Krapez A. Jakic and V. Komac. 2000. Multimedia dictionary and synthesis of sign language. In Design Management of Multimedia Information Systems: Opportunities and Challenges Syed Mahbubur Rahman (Ed.). IDEA Group Publishing United States 268--281.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-930708-00-6.ch013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2006.883509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISE.2009.5366314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1766311.1766387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Virtual and Augmented Reality (SVR","author":"dos Santos Selan R.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11678816_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04380-2_47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"3D Rendering of american sign language finger-spelling: A comparative study of two animation techniques","volume":"3","author":"Adamo-Villani Nicoletta","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal. of Human and Social Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0007-1013.2004.00393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 2006)","author":"Davidson Mary Jo","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Technology 8 Persons with Disabilities Conference","author":"Wolfe Rosalee","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Ehrhardt Uwe","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Virtual Human Modelling and Animation for Real-time Sign Language Visualisation. Master's thesis","author":"van Wyk Desmond Eustin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies (SLPAT)","author":"Ebling Sarah"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-5124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1414471.1414496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Intelligent Virtual Agents","author":"Kipp Michael"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Bastioni Manuel","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Foundation Blender","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Monocular Model-based 3D Tracking of Rigid Objects","author":"Lepetit Vincent","DOI":"10.1561\/9781933019536"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3092743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3092743","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3092743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:37:27Z","timestamp":1750217847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3092743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,16]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3092743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3092743","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-4699","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-4702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-08-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}