{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:08:25Z","timestamp":1750306105209,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, New York, USA","reference-count":53,"publisher":"ACM Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3097286.3097311","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T12:20:18Z","timestamp":1500294018000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Strategic Temporality on Social Media During the General Election of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Campaign"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Feifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sikana","family":"Tanupabrungsun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Hemsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry Lamont","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Semaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Albany, SUNY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Stromer-Galley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Boichak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yatish","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ani, B., Mark, G., Chung, J. and Jones, J. 2012. The Egyptian Blogosphere: A Counter-narrative of the Revolution. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (New York, NY, USA, 2012), 17--26.","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145213"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, W.L. and Segerberg, A. 2012. The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication & Society 15, 5 (Jun. 2012), 739--768.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.670661"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borah, P. 2016. Political Facebook use: Campaign strategies used in 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13, 4 (Oct. 2016), 326--338.","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2016.1163519"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronstein, J. 2013. Like me! Analyzing the 2012 presidential candidates' Facebook pages. Online Information Review 37, 2 (Apr. 2013), 173--192.","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-01-2013-0002"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceron, A. and d'Adda, G. 2016. E-campaigning on Twitter: The effectiveness of distributive promises and negative campaign in the 2013 Italian election. New Media & Society 18, 9 (Oct. 2016), 1935--1955.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815571915"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadwick, A. 2013. The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199759477.001.0001"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-7","unstructured":"Denton, R.E., Jr. and Woodward, G.C. 1998. Political communication in America. Praeger."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-8","unstructured":"Dewan, S. and Ramaprasad, J. 2014. Social Media, Traditional Media, and Music Sales. Management Information Systems Quarterly 38, 1 (Mar. 2014), 101--121."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Druckman, J.N., Kifer, M.J. and Parkin, M. 2009. Campaign communications in US congressional elections. American Political Science Review 103, 3 (2009), 343--366.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055409990037"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enli, G.S. and Skogerb&#248;, E. 2013. Personalized Campaigns in Party-Centred Politics. Information, Communication & Society 16, 5 (Jun. 2013), 757--774.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2013.782330"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, H.K., Cordova, V. and Sipole, S. 2014. Twitter style: An analysis of how house candidates used twitter in their 2012 campaigns. PS: Political Science & Politics. 47, 2 (2014), 454--462.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096514000389"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraway, J.J. 2004. Linear models with R. Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203507278"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gainous, J. and Wagner, K.M. 2013. Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American Politics. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199965076.001.0001"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorard, S. 2013. Research Design: Creating Robust Approaches for the Social Sciences. SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526431486"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, T., Broersma, M., Hazelhoff, K. and van't Haar, G. 2013. Between broadcasting political messages and interacting with voters: The use of Twitter during the 2010 UK general election campaign. Information, Communication & Society. 16, 5 (2013), 692--716.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2013.785581"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-16","unstructured":"Greenwood, S., Perrin, A. and Duggan, M. 2016. Social Media Update 2016. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2016\/11\/11\/social-media-update-2016\/"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-17","unstructured":"Gujarati, D. and Porter, D.C. 1992. Essentials of econometrics. McGraw-Hill New York."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-18","unstructured":"Hegde, Y. 2016. fb-page-scraper: Version 1.33 Released. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.55940"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-19","unstructured":"Hemsley, J., Ceskavich, B. and Tanupabrungsun, S. 2014. Syracuse Social Media Collection Toolkit. https:\/\/github.com\/bitslabsyr\/stack"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-20","unstructured":"Hemsley, J., Stromer-Galley, J., Tanupabrungsun, S., Hegde, Y., Zhang, F. and McCracken, N. 2016. Collection and Classification of Illuminating 2016 Social Media Data. Illuminating 2016. http:\/\/illuminating.ischool.syr.edu\/blog"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-21","unstructured":"Jamieson, K.H., Waldman, P. and Sherr, S. 2000. Eliminate the negative? Categories of analysis for political advertisements. Crowded airwaves: Campaign advertising in elections. J.A. Thurber, C.J. Nelson, and D.A. Dulio, eds. Brookings Institution Press. 44--64."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jungherr, A. 2014. The Logic of Political Coverage on Twitter: Temporal Dynamics and Content. Journal of Communication. 64, 2 (Apr. 2014), 239--259.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12087"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jungherr, A. and J&#252;rgens, P. 2013. Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena. Internet Research. 23, 5 (Oct. 2013), 589--607.","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-06-2012-0115"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiss, D. 2016. Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns' use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle. New Media & Society. 18, 8 (Sep. 2016), 1473--1490.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814562445"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K. 2004. Reliability in Content Analysis. Human Communication Research. 30, 3 (Jul. 2004), 411--433.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-26","unstructured":"Lau, R.R. and Pomper, G.M. 2004. Negative campaigning: An analysis of US Senate elections. Rowman & Littlefield."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombard, M., Snyder - Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human communication research. 28(4), 587--604.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monroy-Hern&#225;ndez, A., boyd, danah, Kiciman, E., De Choudhury, M. and Counts, S. 2013. The New War Correspondents: The Rise of Civic Media Curation in Urban Warfare. Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (New York, NY, USA, 2013), 1443--1452.","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441938"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olteanu, A., Vieweg, S. and Castillo, C. 2015. What to Expect When the Unexpected Happens: Social Media Communications Across Crises. Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2015), 994--1009.","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675242"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papacharissi, Z. and de Fatima Oliveira, M. 2012. Affective News and Networked Publics: The Rhythms of News Storytelling on #Egypt. Journal of Communication. 62, 2 (Apr. 2012), 266--282.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-31","unstructured":"Parmelee, J.H. and Bichard, S.L. 2013. Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public. Lexington Books."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-32","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. 2011. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 12, (Oct. 2011), 2825--2830."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Y., Huang, C., Zhang, P. and Zhang, J. 2011. Microblogging After a Major Disaster in China: A Case Study of the 2010 Yushu Earthquake. Proceedings of the ACM 2011 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (New York, NY, USA, 2011), 25--34.","DOI":"10.1145\/1958824.1958830"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-34","unstructured":"Robertson, S.P., Douglas, S., Maruyama, M. and Semaan, B. 2013. Political Discourse on Social Networking Sites: Sentiment, In-group\/Out-group Orientation and Rationality. Inf. Polity. 18, 2 (Apr. 2013), 107--126."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, K. and B&#252;rger, T. 2014. Face to face(book): Social media, political campaigning and the unbearable lightness of being there. Political Science. 66, 1 (Jun. 2014), 46--62.","DOI":"10.1177\/0032318714534106"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-36","unstructured":"Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Dobreski, B., Kenski, K., Hemsley, J. and Semaan, B. 2016. 2014 Gubernatorial Online Campaigns in Context: The interplay between public opinion polls and campaign communication strategies on Facebook and Twitter. 69th Annual Conference of the World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) (Austin, Texas, 2016)."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, E.J., Hristidis, V., Castillo, C., Gionis, A. and Jaimes, A. 2012. Correlating Financial Time Series with Microblogging Activity. Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (New York, NY, USA, 2012), 513--522.","DOI":"10.1145\/2124295.2124358"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serazio, M. 2014. The New Media Designs of Political Consultants: Campaign Production in a Fragmented Era. Journal of Communication. 64, 4 (Aug. 2014), 743--763.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12078"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, D.R. 1999. A study of presidential campaign event effects from 1952 to 1992. Journal of Politics. 61, 2 (May 1999), 387--422.","DOI":"10.2307\/2647509"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Small, T.A. 2011. What the Hashtag? Information, Communication & Society. 14, 6 (Sep. 2011), 872--895.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.554572"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starbird, K. and Palen, L. 2011. \"Voluntweeters\": Self-organizing by Digital Volunteers in Times of Crisis. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2011), 1071--1080.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979102"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-42","unstructured":"Stieglitz, S. and Dang-Xuan, L. 2012. Political Communication and Influence through Microblogging--An Empirical Analysis of Sentiment in Twitter Messages and Retweet Behavior. 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS) (Jan. 2012), 3500--3509."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stromer-Galley, J. 2000. On-line interaction and why candidates avoid it. Journal of Communication. 50, 4 (2000), 111--132.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02865.x"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stromer-Galley, J. 2014. Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199731930.001.0001"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-45","unstructured":"Stromer-Galley, J., Zhang, F., Tanupabrungsun, S., Hemsley, J. and Semaan, B. 2016. Tweeting the attack: Predicting gubernatorial candidate attack messaging and its spread. Proceedings of the 66th annual conference of the International Communication Association (Fukuoka, Japan, 2016)."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-46","unstructured":"Tarrance, L.V. 2016. Fear of the \"Greater of Two Evils\" Could Spur High Turnout. Gallup. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gallup.com\/opinion\/polling-matters\/194138\/fear-greater-two-evils-spur-high-turnout.aspx?g_source=Blog&g_medium=sidebottom&g_campaign=tiles"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-47","unstructured":"Trent, J.S. and Friedenberg, R.V. 1995. Political Campaign Communication. Praeger."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tufekci, Z. and Wilson, C. 2012. Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication. 62, 2 (Apr. 2012), 363--379.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaccari, C. 2008. From the air to the ground: the internet in the 2004 US presidential campaign. New Media & Society. 10, 4 (Aug. 2008), 647--665.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444808093735"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verser, R. and Wicks, R.H. 2006. Managing Voter Impressions: The Use of Images on Presidential Candidate Web Sites During the 2000 Campaign. Journal of Communication. 56, 1 (Mar. 2006), 178--197.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2006.00009.x"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicks, R.H. and Souley, B. 2003. Going Negative: Candidate Usage of Internet Web Sites during the 2000 Presidential Campaign. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 80, 1 (Mar. 2003), 128--144.","DOI":"10.1177\/107769900308000109"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wlezien, C. and Erikson, R.S. 2002. The Timeline of Presidential Election Campaigns. The Journal of Politics. 64, 4 (2002), 969--993.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2508.00159"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/3097286.3097311-53","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Stromer-Galley, J., Tanupabrungsun, S., Hegde, Y., McCracken, N. and Hemsley, J. 2017. Understanding Discourse Acts: Political Campaign Messages Classification on Facebook and Twitter. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling & Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (D.C., USA, Jul. 2017), 1--6. Springer International Publishing. DOI= https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-60240-0_29."}],"event":{"name":"the 8th International Conference","start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,28]]},"number":"8","location":"Toronto, ON, Canada","end":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,30]]},"acronym":"#SMSociety17"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media &amp; Society - #SMSociety17"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3097286.3097311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3097311&ftid=1894927&dwn=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:30:38Z","timestamp":1750217438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3097286.3097311"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"Social Media & Society","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3097286.3097311","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}