{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:16:24Z","timestamp":1780568184494,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":42,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098095","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T18:35:54Z","timestamp":1501871754000},"page":"797-806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":690,"title":["Algorithmic Decision Making and the Cost of Fairness"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Corbett-Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The APPD randomized controlled trial in low risk supervision: The effects on low risk supervision on rearrest. Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department","author":"Ahlman Lindsay C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lindsay C Ahlman and Ellen M Kurtz 2009. The APPD randomized controlled trial in low risk supervision: The effects on low risk supervision on rearrest. Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department ( 2009 ). Lindsay C Ahlman and Ellen M Kurtz 2009. The APPD randomized controlled trial in low risk supervision: The effects on low risk supervision on rearrest. Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Machine bias: There's software used across the country to predict future criminals. and it's biased against blacks. ProPublica (5","author":"Angwin Julia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julia Angwin , Jeff Larson , Surya Mattu , and Lauren Kirchner 2016. Machine bias: There's software used across the country to predict future criminals. and it's biased against blacks. ProPublica (5 2016 ). Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner 2016. Machine bias: There's software used across the country to predict future criminals. and it's biased against blacks. ProPublica (5 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"An Alternative Test of Racial Prejudice in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence. The American Economic Review","author":"Anwar Shamena","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shamena Anwar and Hanming Fang 2006. An Alternative Test of Racial Prejudice in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence. The American Economic Review ( 2006 ). Shamena Anwar and Hanming Fang 2006. An Alternative Test of Racial Prejudice in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence. The American Economic Review (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Outcome tests of racial disparities in police practices. Justice research and Policy","author":"Ayres Ian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ian Ayres . 2002. Outcome tests of racial disparities in police practices. Justice research and Policy Vol. 4 , 1--2 ( 2002 ), 131--142. Ian Ayres. 2002. Outcome tests of racial disparities in police practices. Justice research and Policy Vol. 4, 1--2 (2002), 131--142."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Big data's disparate impact. California Law Review","author":"Barocas Solon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solon Barocas and Andrew D Selbst 2016. Big data's disparate impact. California Law Review Vol. 104 ( 2016 ). Solon Barocas and Andrew D Selbst 2016. Big data's disparate impact. California Law Review Vol. 104 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The economics of discrimination","author":"Becker Gary S","unstructured":"Gary S Becker . 1957. The economics of discrimination . University of Chicago Press. Gary S Becker. 1957. The economics of discrimination. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-009-9017-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3085-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art. working paper","author":"Berk Richard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richard Berk , Hoda Heidari , Shahin Jabbari , Michael Kearns , and Aaron Roth 2017. Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art. working paper ( 2017 ). Richard Berk, Hoda Heidari, Shahin Jabbari, Michael Kearns, and Aaron Roth 2017. Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art. working paper (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2008.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01099279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07524","author":"Chouldechova Alexandra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexandra Chouldechova . 2016. Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07524 ( 2016 ). Alexandra Chouldechova. 2016. Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07524 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Courts and Predictive Algorithms. Data & Civil Rights: Criminal Justice and Civil Rights Primer","author":"Christin Ang\u00e8le","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ang\u00e8le Christin , Alex Rosenblat , and danah boyd. 2015. Courts and Predictive Algorithms. Data & Civil Rights: Criminal Justice and Civil Rights Primer ( 2015 ). Ang\u00e8le Christin, Alex Rosenblat, and danah boyd. 2015. Courts and Predictive Algorithms. Data & Civil Rights: Criminal Justice and Civil Rights Primer (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Risk-Based Pretrial Release Recommendation and Supervision Guidelines.(August","author":"Danner Mona","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mona Danner , Marie VanNostrand , and Lisa Spruance August , 2015. Risk-Based Pretrial Release Recommendation and Supervision Guidelines.(August , 2015 ). Mona Danner, Marie VanNostrand, and Lisa Spruance August, 2015. Risk-Based Pretrial Release Recommendation and Supervision Guidelines.(August, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2090236.2090255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"A Confidence-Based Approach for Balancing Fairness and Accuracy. CoRR","author":"Fish Benjamin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benjamin Fish , Jeremy Kun , and \u00c1d\u00e1m D\u00e1niel Lelkes . 2016. A Confidence-Based Approach for Balancing Fairness and Accuracy. CoRR Vol. abs\/ 1601 .05764 ( 2016 ). Benjamin Fish, Jeremy Kun, and \u00c1d\u00e1m D\u00e1niel Lelkes. 2016. A Confidence-Based Approach for Balancing Fairness and Accuracy. CoRR Vol. abs\/1601.05764 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"University of Texas at Austin","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin . 2016 . Vol. 136 S. Ct . 2198, 2208 (2016). Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin. 2016. Vol. 136 S. Ct. 2198, 2208 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/15-AOAS897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"2011 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 47--54","author":"Hajian Sara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sara Hajian , Josep Domingo-Ferrer , and Antoni Martinez-Balleste . 2011 . Discrimination prevention in data mining for intrusion and crime detection Computational Intelligence in Cyber Security (CICS) , 2011 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 47--54 . Sara Hajian, Josep Domingo-Ferrer, and Antoni Martinez-Balleste. 2011. Discrimination prevention in data mining for intrusion and crime detection Computational Intelligence in Cyber Security (CICS), 2011 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 47--54."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Moritz Hardt Eric Price and Nati Srebro 2016. Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. In Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems. 3315--3323. Moritz Hardt Eric Price and Nati Srebro 2016. Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. In Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems. 3315--3323."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Remarks at the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 57th Annual Meeting","author":"Holder Eric","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eric Holder . 2014. ( 2014 ). Remarks at the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 57th Annual Meeting . Eric Holder. 2014. (2014). Remarks at the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 57th Annual Meeting."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Fair Learning in Markovian Environments. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.03071","author":"Jabbari Shahin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shahin Jabbari , Matthew Joseph , Michael Kearns , Jamie Morgenstern , and Aaron Roth . 2016. Fair Learning in Markovian Environments. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.03071 ( 2016 ). Shahin Jabbari, Matthew Joseph, Michael Kearns, Jamie Morgenstern, and Aaron Roth. 2016. Fair Learning in Markovian Environments. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.03071 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Fairness in Learning: Classic and Contextual Bandits. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29. Curran Associates","author":"Joseph Matthew","unstructured":"Matthew Joseph , Michael Kearns , Jamie H Morgenstern , and Aaron Roth 2016. Fairness in Learning: Classic and Contextual Bandits. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29. Curran Associates , Inc ., 325--333. Matthew Joseph, Michael Kearns, Jamie H Morgenstern, and Aaron Roth 2016. Fairness in Learning: Classic and Contextual Bandits. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29. Curran Associates, Inc., 325--333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Goldstein","author":"Jung Jongbin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jongbin Jung , Connor Concannon , Ravi Shroff , Sharad Goel , and Daniel G . Goldstein . 2017 . Simple rules for complex decisions. (2017). Working paper. Jongbin Jung, Connor Concannon, Ravi Shroff, Sharad Goel, and Daniel G. Goldstein. 2017. Simple rules for complex decisions. (2017). Working paper."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-012-0584-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Fairness-aware classifier with prejudice remover regularizer Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases","author":"Kamishima Toshihiro","unstructured":"Toshihiro Kamishima , Shotaro Akaho , Hideki Asoh , and Jun Sakuma 2012. Fairness-aware classifier with prejudice remover regularizer Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases . Springer , 35--50. Toshihiro Kamishima, Shotaro Akaho, Hideki Asoh, and Jun Sakuma 2012. Fairness-aware classifier with prejudice remover regularizer Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Springer, 35--50."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science (ITCS)","author":"Kleinberg Jon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jon Kleinberg , Sendhil Mullainathan , and Manish Raghavan . 2017 . Inherent trade-offs in the fair determination of risk scores . Proceedings of Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science (ITCS) (2017). Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Manish Raghavan. 2017. Inherent trade-offs in the fair determination of risk scores. Proceedings of Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science (ITCS) (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm. ProPublica (5","author":"Larson Jeff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeff Larson , Surya Mattu , Lauren Kirchner , and Julia Angwin . 2016. How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm. ProPublica (5 2016 ). Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, Lauren Kirchner, and Julia Angwin. 2016. How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm. ProPublica (5 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies","author":"Page Scott E","unstructured":"Scott E Page . 2008. The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies . Princeton University Press . Scott E Page. 2008. The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Emma Pierson Sam Corbett-Davies and Sharad Goel. 2017. Fast threshold tests for detecting discrimination. (2017). Working paper available at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1702.08536. Emma Pierson Sam Corbett-Davies and Sharad Goel. 2017. Fast threshold tests for detecting discrimination. (2017). Working paper available at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1702.08536."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John C. Platt. 1999. Probabilistic Outputs for Support Vector Machines and Comparisons to Regularized Likelihood Methods. In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers. 61--74. John C. Platt. 1999. Probabilistic Outputs for Support Vector Machines and Comparisons to Regularized Likelihood Methods. In Advances in Large Margin Classifiers. 61--74.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1113.003.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888913000039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"The problem of infra-marginality in outcome tests for discrimination. Annals of Applied Statistics","author":"Simoiu Camelia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camelia Simoiu , Sam Corbett-Davies , and Sharad Goel . 2017. The problem of infra-marginality in outcome tests for discrimination. Annals of Applied Statistics ( 2017 ). Forthcoming . Camelia Simoiu, Sam Corbett-Davies, and Sharad Goel. 2017. The problem of infra-marginality in outcome tests for discrimination. Annals of Applied Statistics (2017). Forthcoming."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Evidence-based sentencing and the scientific rationalization of discrimination","volume":"66","author":"Starr Sonja B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonja B Starr . 2014 . Evidence-based sentencing and the scientific rationalization of discrimination . Stan. L. Rev. Vol. 66 (2014), 803 . Sonja B Starr. 2014. Evidence-based sentencing and the scientific rationalization of discrimination. Stan. L. Rev. Vol. 66 (2014), 803.","journal-title":"Stan. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of The 30th International Conference on Machine Learning. 325--333","author":"Zemel Rich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rich Zemel , Yu Wu , Kevin Swersky , Toni Pitassi , and Cynthia Dwork 2013 . Learning Fair Representations . In Proceedings of The 30th International Conference on Machine Learning. 325--333 . Rich Zemel, Yu Wu, Kevin Swersky, Toni Pitassi, and Cynthia Dwork 2013. Learning Fair Representations. In Proceedings of The 30th International Conference on Machine Learning. 325--333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Measuring discrimination in algorithmic decision making Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","author":"Indr\u00e9 \u017dliobait\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Indr\u00e9 \u017dliobait\u00e9 2017. Measuring discrimination in algorithmic decision making Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery ( 2017 ). Indr\u00e9 \u017dliobait\u00e9 2017. Measuring discrimination in algorithmic decision making Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (2017)."}],"event":{"name":"KDD '17: The 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","location":"Halifax NS Canada","acronym":"KDD '17","sponsor":["SIGMOD ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data","SIGKDD ACM Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery in Data"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3097983.3098095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3097983.3098095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:30:26Z","timestamp":1750217426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3097983.3098095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3097983.3098095","10.1145\/3097983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3097983.3098095","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}